Focusing on ways that markets work with, rather than against, governments to enhance public welfare.The optimal mix of market forces and government intervention to allocate resources is one of the longest-standing problems facing human civilization. At the theoretical extremes, resources in centrally planned economies are allocated by the government, while resources in capitalist economies are allocated by private markets. In practice, market forces and government interventions co-exist to allocate goods and services in a political environment with shifting pressures to give one approach more responsibility than the other. Current public attitudes toward markets are at a low point in the wake of the Great Recession and the growth in income inequality that began in the 1970s. However, in this book, noted Brookings economist Clifford Winston argues that it is a serious mistake to overlook that markets will be a critical part of the solution to any public objective whether it be to reduce inequality, stimulate long-term growth, slow climate change, or eliminate COVID 19. In Winston's view, policymakers should be much more aware of the many ways that markets help government to achieve economic and social goals and the potential that markets have to provide greater assistance in achieving those goals. Winston synthesizes the empirical evidence on the efficacy of markets in helping to protect consumers against anti-competitive behavior and when technology appears to prevent price competition; to enable individuals to make more informed decisions; and to reduce negative externalities, improve public production, and encourage innovations. Importantly, Winston presents evidence indicating how markets can also help to reduce poverty, promote fairness in labor markets, and provide merit goods. Winston subjects his assessment to a robustness test by explaining how market forces have helped to address the COVID-19 pandemic by, for example, finding new ways for people to work safely and providing incentives for pharmaceutical companies to develop safe and effective vaccines. Winston takes a proactive approach in his conclusion by suggesting the formation of a major "Commission" composed of academics, policymakers, and businesspeople. Such a panel could explore how market forces could provide greater help to government to address economic and social problems and could provide specific recommendations to facilitate market solutions where appropriate.
Clifford Winston, the Searle Freedom Trust Senior Fellow in the Brookings Institution's Economic Studies program, has been with Brookings since 1984. He is an applied microeconomist who specializes in the analysis of industrial organization, regulation, and transportation. His most recent book is Trouble at the Bar (Brookings).
Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Perspectives on Government and Markets and the Scope and Content of the Analysis Part I: Markets Helping Government Address Economic Goals 3. Why Markets Can Help Government Address Economic Goals 4. Protecting Consumers against Anticompetitive Behavior 5. Protecting Consumers When Technology Appears to Prevent Price Competition 6. Enabling Individuals to Make More-Informed Decisions 7. Addressing Negative Externalities Efficiently 8. Improving Public Production 9. Encouraging Innovations by Firms and Individuals Part II: How Markets Can Help Government Accomplish Social Goals 10. Why Markets Could Help Government Achieve Social Goals 11. Reducing Poverty 12. Fairness in Labor Markets 13. Merit Goods 14. Expanding the Role of Markets to Help Address Social Goals Policies Part III: Synthesizing the Evidence: Policy Inefficiencies and Efforts to Explain Them 15. Government Policy Inefficiencies and Efforts to Explain Them 16. Markets Helping Government 17. Some Broader Implications of Markets Helping Government Part IV: Markets Helping Government: A Robustness Test and Proactive Perspective 18. Market and Government Responses to COVID-19: A Robustness Test 19. Conclusion: Advancing the Perspective of Markets Helping Government Notes References Index
We are in a moment in which the public has lost faith in both capitalism and economists for many reasons. But whatever you think our public objectives should be reducing inequity, engendering long-term growth, fighting climate change, fighting COVID-19 markets will be a critical part of the solution. Clifford Winston's Gaining Ground is a panoramic book on the interplay between market forces and government that is essential to achieving these and other social goals." -Edward Glaeser, Fred and Eleanor Glimp Professor of Economics, Harvard University "This book is a breath of fresh air in the current atmosphere in which reformers on both the left and right ignore the forces of markets. Winston convincingly explains that these reformers are mistaken. Instead, government and markets are complementary methods to be used together to achieve society's goals. This is a must-read for current policymakers." -Dennis W. Carlton, The University of Chicago Booth School of Business
