Eighteen. Twenty-one. Sixty-five. In America today, we recognize these numbers as key transitions in our lives-precise moments when our rights and opportunities change-when we become eligible to cast a vote, buy a drink, or enroll in Medicare. This volume brings together scholars of childhood, adulthood, and old age to explore how and why particular ages have come to define the rights and obligations of American citizens. Since the founding of the nation, Americans have relied on chronological age to determine matters as diverse as who can marry, work, be enslaved, drive a car, or qualify for a pension. Contributors to this volume explore what meanings people in the past ascribed to specific ages and whether or not earlier Americans believed the same things about particular ages as we do. The means by which Americans imposed chronological boundaries upon the variable process of growing up and growing old offers a paradigmatic example of how people construct cultural meaning and social hierarchy from embodied experience. Further, chronological age always intersects with other socially constructed categories such as gender, race, and sexuality. Ranging from the seventeenth century to the present, taking up a variety of distinct subcultures-from frontier children and antebellum slaves to twentieth-century Latinas-Age in America makes a powerful case that age has always been a key index of citizenship.
Contents Part I. Age in Early America 1. "Keep Me with You, So That I Might Not Be Damned": Age and Captivity in Colonial Borderlands Warfare 23 Ann M. Little 2. "Beyond the Time of White Children": African American Emancipation, Age, and Ascribed Neoteny in Early National Pennsylvania 47 Sharon Braslaw Sundue Part II. Age in the Long Nineteenth Century 3. "If You Have the Right to Vote at 21 Years, Then I Have": Age and Equal Citizenship in the Nineteenth-Century United States 69 Corinne T. Field 4. A Birthday Like None Other: Turning Twenty-One in the Age of Popular Politics 86 Jon Grinspan 5. Statutory Marriage Ages and the Gendered Construction of Adulthood in the Nineteenth Century 103 Nicholas L. Syrett 6. From Family Bibles to Birth Certificates: Young People, Proof of Age, and American Political Cultures, 1820-1915 124 Shane Landrum 7. "Rendered More Useful": Child Labor and Age Consciousness in the Long Nineteenth Century 148 James D. Schmidt 8. "A Day Too Late": Age, Immigration Quotas, and Racial Exclusion 166
