In Work Out Your Salvation, D. Glenn Butner Jr. demonstrates that participation in markets forms our moral character, perceptions, actions, and ideas. He argues that the nature of such formation varies based on the design of the market and our interactions within it. How, he asks, does formation of the market relate to the formation of grace--illumination, justification, and sanctification? Are these forces at war for our souls? Through a detailed analysis of these three doctrines and the theology of common grace and concurrent divine/human action, Work Out Your Salvation argues that God can work through imagined aspects of markets (prices, commodities, property rights, etc.), through human identity, and through economic incentive structures to foster the created basis for the supernatural gifts of illumination, justification, and sanctification. Careful and theologically guided participation in a market can, by common grace, provide the occasion for positive spiritual formation through concurrent divine action. However, such formation is not guaranteed. Maladaptive practices, ideas, and identities can also be fostered by markets not oriented toward a supernatural end. Butner provides detailed evidence backed by extensive experimental and empirical research as to which market practices allow Christians to "work out their salvation" (Phil 2:12) and which practices resist such moral transformation. Work Out Your Salvation undermines simplistic endorsements or rejections of capitalism in favor of more nuanced analysis and lays bare which features of markets make us better and which make us worse.
D. Glenn Butner Jr. is associate professor of theology and Christian ministry at Sterling College in Sterling, Kansas. A social ethicist and systematic theologian, he is the author of several books, including Jesus the Refugee: Ancient Injustice and Modern Solidarity and Trinitarian Dogmatics: Exploring the Grammar of the Christian Doctrine of God.
Introduction Part I: Economics Chapter 1--Markets and Moral Formation Chapter 2--Method in Theological Economics Chapter 3--What Is a Market? Part II: Theology Chapter 4: Providence and Creaturely Agency Chapter 5: Sin and Grace Chapter 6: The Trinity and the Ordo Salutis Part III: Theology and Economics Chapter 7: The Father's Providence and the Context of Markets Chapter 8: Markets, Discrimination, and Identity in Christ Chapter 9: The Sanctifying Spirit and the Market Conclusion
Butner's theology of the market is a risky endeavor. Previous attempts fall into serious theological error by sacralizing the market, instrumentalizing the Trinity, or invoking "common grace" to justify existing social relations. With judicious insight, Butner avoids these errors and produces a remarkable achievement--a theology of the market that helps us reconsider its place in the divine economy. Combining in-depth knowledge of economics and theology, this work is a must-read for anyone who works in the intersection of faith and business. --D. Stephen Long, Cary M. Maguire University Professor of Ethics, Southern Methodist University Dr. Glenn Butner superbly utilizes market design and experimental economics research to show that markets are what we make of them. He then demonstrates how theology can help us steer markets away from moral corruption toward moral improvement. Readers will not fail to see the value of solid economic research and thoughtful theological considerations to major issues of our day. --Dr. Robert C. Tatum, Cary Caperton Owen Distinguished Professor in Economics, University of North Carolina Asheville Butner has greatly contributed to the literature on Christian theology and economics. He develops a number of theological themes too often neglected by economists. Moreover, his ability to see the complexity of different market mechanisms, and to draw upon a wide variety of social science literature, has helped him craft an argument that brings nuance and clarity to a topic too often dominated by polemics and ideology. I will be turning back to this book in my work for years to come. --Steven McMullen, professor of economics, Hope College, and editor of Faith & Economics This wholly original book intervenes with wit and rigor in conversations about moral agency and moral formation, sin and salvation, Trinitarian theology, and, not least, economic ethics. Glenn Butner succeeds admirably in his nuanced aim, neither to defend nor to deride markets, but to help us see them more clearly, urging Christians to recognize our own agency in shaping markets as they, inevitably, shape us. --Kate Ward, associate professor, Marquette University, and author of Wealth, Virtue, and Moral Luck: Christian Ethics in an Age of Inequality How should Christians respond to living in a society where most economic activity occurs through markets? D. Glenn Butner explores this question with theological, philosophical, and empirical analysis, avoiding both blind support and easy criticism of capitalism. He examines how markets shape us and how intentional design might transform them. Butner offers a theological framework that centers on God's redemptive work, seeing markets as a space where divine and human agency intersect. This work is a welcome exercise in faith seeking economic understanding. --Jules Martinez-Olivieri, visiting professor of theology, Interamerican University of Puerto Rico, and author of A Visible Witness: Christology, Liberation, and Participation
