Women, Politics, and Power provides a clear and detailed introduction to women's political participation and representation across all branches of government and a wide range of countries and regions. Using broad statistical overviews and detailed case-study accounts, authors Pamela Paxton, Melanie M. Hughes, and Tiffany Barnes document both historical trends and the contemporary state of women's political strength across diverse countries. The text considers experiences of women from a range of marginalized groups, including racial, ethnic, and religious minorities; indigenous peoples; and those that face discrimination based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Readers will learn about cultural, structural, political, and international influences on women's access to political power, about the old and new barriers women continue to face like violence, and about the difference women make once in political office. Dedicated chapters on six geographic regions highlight distinct influences and patterns in different parts of the world. There is simply no other book that offers such a thorough and multidisciplinary synthesis of research on women's political power around the world.
About the Authors Preface 1. Introduction to Women in Politics Arguments for Women's Representation in Politics The Story of Mukhtar Mai: Village Council Justice Wife Beating in Nigeria-de jure vs. de facto Law Filibustering in Texas-A Woman Representative Holds Out Justice Arguments for Women's Representation Utility Arguments for Women's Representation A Brief Overview of Women's Participation in Politics Orienting Theories Power The Dimensions of Power: An Example Gender and Gender Stratification Gender and Power Concepts: Patriarchy, Public Versus Private, and Intersectionality Feminist Institutionalism Overview of the Book 2. Women Struggle for the Vote: The History of Women's Suffrage Social Movement Concepts Suffrage in the United States Women's Suffrage and the U.S. Constitution Women and the Antislavery Movement: The Struggle Begins The Leadership, Organization, and Tactics of the Early Suffrage Movement "Ain't I a Woman?" By Sojourner Truth, 1851 The State Suffrage Movement: Why the West Was Best Partnering With the Progressive Movement Opposition to Women's Suffrage Women Gain the Vote: The Events Leading to the Passage of the 19th Amendment Suffrage Movements Outside the United States Time Period Movement Size, Composition, and Alliances Goals and Ideology Movement Opposition Tactics and Level of Militancy The International Women's Movement Women's Suffrage After 1945 Women Exercising Their Vote First Women Members of Parliament 3. Positions and Pathways: Women's Representation in Government Government Structures and Positions of Power Women Presidents and Prime Ministers Paths to Power for Women National Leaders Difficulties Faced by Women Leaders Women in Cabinet Positions Women in Parliaments Milestones and Historical Trajectories Women in Parliaments Today Women in the Judiciary Women in Local Governance 4. Intersectionality and Difference Thinking Intersectionally Slower and Lower: The Double and Triple Barriers faced by Women from Marginalized Groups Lesbian, Bisexual and Queer Women Transgender, Gender Non-Conforming, and Intersex Indigenous Women The Puzzle of Success: Complementary and Strategic Opportunities The Puzzle of Transgender Women's Success All the Women are White, All the Blacks are Men When Identities Collide: The Rights and Representaiton of Immigrant and Indigenous Women But Who Represents Us? Multiple Marginalization and Substantive Representation Out in the Open: "Out" Candidates and Public Officials Who Is Indigenous 5. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Culture A Woman's Place in History: Women in Political Philosophy A Woman's Place Today: The Continuing Power of Culture Regional Differences Religion Cultural Attitudes Culture and Women's Representation in Politics Ambition Role Model Effects Media 6. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Social Structure Economic Development Money Time Civic and Political Skills Education Work Networks Beyond Meritocracy Violence Against Women in Politics 7. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-Politics Democracy Selection Mechanisms Electoral Systems Why Are Proportional Representation Systems Good for Women? Types of Political Representation Systems Are the Same Systems and Rules Good for All Women? Political Appointments Characteristics of Political Parties From Candidate to Legislator Quotas What Kinds of Quotas Are There and Which Are Better? Threshold for Representation Candidate Quotas, Political Party Quotas, and Reserved Seats Quotas, Looking Beyond Gender !SOY JUANA, no "Juanita"!: Quota Reform in Mexico Looking Beyond National Legislatures The Adoption of Gender Quotas Do Quotas affect Candidate Quality? Can Quotas Disrupt Men's Power? 8. Explaining the Political Representation of Women-International Factors The International Women's Movement A Brief History of Women's Activism in the United Nations Women's Activism Increases the Supply and Demand of Women in Politics Foreign Aid and Women's Representation The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Armed Conflict and Women's Access to Power 9. Do Women Make a Difference? Thinking Differently: Women's Views on Women and Their Policy Priorities Acting Differently: Women's Voting Patterns and Bill Sponsorship Acting Successfully: Women's Legislative Effectiveness Legislating Differently: Women's Legislative Style Do Numbers Matter? Women's Movements and Women's Policy Machinery as Alternative Sources of Influence Winning Hearts and Minds: Symbolic Representation 10. Regions: The West and the United States The Geography of Women in Politics Western Industrialized Countries Success Stories: Early Nordic Growth, Parity, and Imbalanced Cabinets Backlash: Harassment, Violence, and the Murder of Jo Cox Women in the European Union Middle of the Pack: The United States Women in the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives: Growing Slowly Women in the States Women in the State Legislature Women Governors Women and the American Presidency I Just Don't Think She has a Presidential Look Explanations-Culture Explanations-Structure (Eligibility) Explanations-Politics Gender Gaps in American Politics Party Affiliation Voter Turnout Campaign Activities 11. Eastern Europe and Central Asia The Fall of the Soviet Union: Women Fall Too Variation in Recovery Explaining Women's Political Power Since 1990 Eastern and Central Europe and the European Union Populism and the Far-Right Bring Backslides 12. Latin America and the Caribbean Legacies of Culture in Latin America Democratization and Women's Political Empowerment Women's Participation in Guerrilla Warfare and Revolutionary Movements Women's Participation in Protest Movements Women's Current Activism Participation to Representation? Gender Quotas Setbacks and Challenges for Women in Politics 13. Middle East and North Africa An Overview and Brief History of the Region What Explains Women's Underrepresentation? Changes Come to Women of the Gulf Region Wins for Women in Bahrain Women's Rights Stall in Kuwait Forces for Change in the Region Gender Quotas: A Look at Early Adopters Raising Awareness about Women's Political Underrepresentation in Turkey Women and the Arab Spring After the Arab Spring 14. Asia and the Pacific Cultural Obstacles Confucianism Honor Culture Women Voters (Not) Supporting Women Structural Obstacles Industrialization and Work Violence Against Women Family Ties Clientelism and Corruption Political Obstacles Local Gender Quotas in India: Women in the Panchayat Raj Women in Afghanistan 15. Sub-Saharan Africa Colonialism One-Party Rule, Democracy, and Democratization Women, Ethnicity, and Ethnic Politics Gender and Ethnic Quotas in Burundi Increasing the Supply of Women Candidates Changing Culture Changing Politics Continuing Challenges 16. Where Do We Go From Here? And How Do We Get There? Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going? How Do We Get There? Furthering Women's Position in the Social Structure Influencing Culture Disrupting Politics as Usual In Conclusion: What Would a 50/50 World Look Like? Glossary References Index
