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Pedro de Alfaro and the Struggle for Power in the Globalized Pacific, 15

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Pedro de Alfaro and the Struggle for Power in the Globalized Pacific, 1565-1644 tells the compelling story of Pedro de Alfaro, a Spanish Franciscan whose clandestine 1579 mission to Ming China collapsed amid accusations of illegal entry and espionage, culminating in his death at sea in 1580 after being expelled from both mainland China and the Portuguese enclave at Macau. This mission, generally regarded as a failure by historians, actually marked a turning point in the development of early modern trans-imperial relations between Spain and China. Alfaro's report on the true size of China and the state of its military infrastructure, the first to come from a Spaniard with more than a few weeks' experience in the Ming Empire, reversed several years of unofficial Spanish plans for a conquest of China. This turn away from an armed invasion occurred precisely at the same time the Ming revised their tax code, drastically increasing the demand for Spanish silver, setting the stage for a relatively stable balance of power across the Pacific Ocean. For the next two centuries, this balance of power remained uneasily in place, allowing the development of a stable Pacific World, the final link in the development of early modern globalization.
Ashleigh Dean Ikemoto is assistant professor of Asian history at Georgia College and State University.
Introduction: "Not Worth Anything to a Historian:" The Search for Pedro de Alfaro Chapter One: "We Did Nothing But Dream of China:" Pedro de Alfaro's Historical Context Chapter Two: "Bouquets of Silver:" The Spanish Philippines Chapter Three: "The Spirit of the Lord is Never Idle:" The Mission to China Chapter Four: "They Can Put Us All to the Knife If They Wish:" The End of the Conquest Dream Chapter Five: "King of the Ocean Sea"?: 1580 as Catalyst for the Pacific World Conclusion: "Such Burdensome Labors and Sorrows:" The World After Pedro de Alfaro Appendix
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