The Conservative Aesthetic: Theodore Roosevelt, Popular Darwinism, and the American Literary West offers an alternative origin story for American conservatism, tracing it to a circle of writers, artists, and thinkers in the late nineteenth century who yoked popular understandings of Darwin to western literary aesthetics. That circle included writer Owen Wister, artist Frederic Remington, entertainer William "Buffalo Bill" Cody, historian Frederick Jackson Turner, and a young Theodore Roosevelt. The book explores how their lives and their writing intertwined with their conservative sensibilities. For them, going west was akin to time travel, a retrogression into an earlier and hardier age. It was through those retrogressions into the American state of nature, they imagined, that society could discover its finest and fittest citizens. Such a society would be the modern realization of Thomas Jefferson's century-old dream of a "natural aristocracy." Theirs was a new conservatism, rooted not in a history of European monarchy but rather in stories about American individualism and the frontier west, updated for the age of Darwin.
Stephen J. Mexal is professor of English at California State University, Fullerton.
Introduction: The Old Iron Days Part I: Gentlemen of the West (1880-1884) Chapter 1: Roosevelt in the Badlands Chapter 2: Wister Goes West Chapter 3: Frederic Remington's Vanishing West Chapter 4: A Self-Made Man Chapter 5: Remington and the Art of Scientific Representation Chapter 6: Wister's Legal Education Chapter 7: "Buffalo Bill" Cody and the Selling of the West Part II: The Early History of Conservatism (1689-1880) Chapter 8: The Nature of Freedom Chapter 9: Emerson's Great Man Theory of History Chapter 10: Darwin Comes to America Chapter 11: The Redeemers, the Socialists, and Conservatism After the Civil War Part III: Selling a Darwinian West (1884-1890) Chapter 12: Equal to All Occasions Chapter 13: Cody and the Queen Chapter 14: The Cowboy of Dakota Chapter 15: Remington's Great White West Chapter 16: Natural Inequality and the Course of Progress Chapter 17: The Ghost Dance Part IV: In Search of a Practical History (1890-1895) Chapter 18: The Johnson County War Chapter 19: The World's Columbian Exposition Chapter 20: The Boone and Crockett Club Chapter 21: Environmental Conservation and Political Conservatism Chapter 22: The Science of Western History Chapter 23: A Practical Conservatism Chapter 24: The Evolution of a Cowboy Chapter 25: The Bronco Busters Chapter 26: Progress, Populism, and the Lure of War Part V: Cuba and the New West (1896-1902) Chapter 27: The Rush of War Chapter 28: The Cowboy Regiment Abroad Chapter 29: Rewriting a Legacy Chapter 30: The Virginian and the White House Epilogue: The Cowboy President
Mexal fills a gap in this niche study, which looks at the rise in conservatism from a new and different perspective. Rather than focus on the post-WW II political landscape as others have, he argues for the role played by the literary imagination in shaping what he calls the 'conservative aesthetic' that emerged during the late decades of the 19th century. Political figures, especially Theodore Roosevelt, still play a role in Mexal's account, and he examines important literary figures who contributed to the rise of conservatism, prominent among them Ralph Waldo Emerson. But the study is more intellectual history than literary analysis, and Mexal shows how notions such as Darwinism were used to present the American West as the ultimate testing ground by which self-made individuals might distinguish themselves. In so doing, Mexal demonstrates a certain 'natural fitness,' as he puts it, one that flirted with undemocratic ideals such as the natural rule of certain figures over others, and that shaped America in terms of rugged white masculinity. Lucidly written and well argued. Recommended. * Choice Reviews * How did the aesthetics of a mythic Western ethos shape our past and modern understanding of conservatism? Mexal's eloquently written work answers this timely question. Breaking from histories of conservatism that locate its emergence after WWII, Mexal offers a fresh reading of conservatism as an aesthetic movement, one that was not only born in the political sphere, but in the cultural realms of literature and art. In doing so, he reads known and unknown literatures and histories in fresh and exciting ways, and, in the end, he gives us a study that will be foundational in Western American culture. -- John-Michael Rivera, recipient of the Western American Literature Book Award and author of UNDOCUMENTS The Conservative Aesthetic offers an alternative origin story for modern American conservatism through gathering a set of intersecting stories about Theodore Roosevelt and his circle (including Owen Wister and Frederick Jackson Turner) along with their pungent writings about the American West. Mexal demonstrates that the movement owes a profound imaginative debt to western myth and romance, which the influential men he examines fused with popular understandings of Darwinism. "Telling old stories in new ways," as he aptly puts it, this capacious, exact, deeply researched and yet surprisingly accessible narrative history has much to offer scholars and western enthusiasts alike. -- Cathryn Halverson, University of Copenhagen, author of Faraway Women and The Atlantic Monthly and Playing House in the American West With great narrative skill, Stephen J. Mexal tells an origin story about modern conservatism, which found its aesthetics and sometimes contradictory beliefs about freedom, individualism, and "natural" competition both affirmed and shaped by the landscapes and social conditions of the American West. If we want to understand antidemocratic, racist, and antisocialist tendencies today in our politics, then an important starting point is the one Mexal powerfully illuminates: the encounter with the West by Theodore Roosevelt, Owen Wister, Buffalo Bill, and Frederick Remington. They made the West as an idea conservative and made conservatism feel western. -- William R. Handley, author of Marriage, Violence and the Nation in the American Literary West Stephen Mexal's The Conservative Aesthetic: Theodore Roosevelt, Popular Darwinism, and the American Literary West vividly argues for the recognition of a central foundation of modern conservative ideology in the lives and works of a loosely-affiliated group of 19th-Century writers artists, and western adventurers surrounding Theodore Roosevelt, including Frederic Remington, Owen Wister, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Frederick Jackson Turner, and William Cody. In Mexal's well-crafted readings, "The West" is less a contested historical geography than it is a mythical proving ground that organizes and justifies familiar conservative ideals such as self-reliant masculinity, minimalist government, and a neo-Jeffersonian view of natural aristocracy, even as it nostalgically conceals its investment in the preservation and fortification of white supremacy and gender inequality. Perhaps the most compelling storyline here is Mexal's account of the "slow migration" of Emersonian-style individualism from an anti-establishment concept associated with the political left to a militant axiom of right-wing identity politics-and, in particular, the role of a motivated misreading of Darwin in that ideological migration. While this suggestive book is designed to speak to academic audiences, Mexal's polished, well-crafted prose and lively storytelling style will appeal to a much broader readership. -- Robert Gunn, University of Texas, El Paso
