City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average, two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased demand and requires a population to go further afield for resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a population puts on a given environment, and when those demands outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages, increases in population resulted in cultural (technological) innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically organized systems of multiple settlements working together to produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia seven-thousand years ago-the first urban-rural systems. As cities developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.
Alexander R. Thomas is professor of sociology at SUNY Oneonta. Gregory M. Fulkerson is professor and chair of the Department of Sociology at SUNY Oneonta.
Part I: The Environmental Demography of Urban-Rural Systems Chapter 1: Environmental Demography and Urban-Rural Systems Chapter 2: Classical Urban-Rural Theory Chapter 3: Contemporary Urban-Rural Theory Part II: From the Near East to the Northeast Chapter 4: In the Beginning Chapter 5: Emerging Urban-Rural Systems Chapter 6: History Begins Chapter 7: Collapse or Continuity? Chapter 8: Dynamics Culminating Chapter 9: World System Part III: New York's Urban-Rural System Chapter 10: Fur Chapter 11: Growing the City Chapter 12: Change amid Growth Chapter 13: New York and the World-System Chapter 14: Urban-Rural Dynamics Revisited
City and Country is a far-reaching, interdisciplinary work seeking to reunite urban and rural scholarship and to allow readers to understand rural and urban places as fundamentally linked within systems. Thomas and Fulkerson emphasize the scale and scope of these urban-rural systems, including these systems' responses to changes in their physical environments, something not commonly addressed in other works on urban environments. This study lays out key theoretical ideas with summarizing bullet points at the end of each section and provides a narrative history of cities across the ancient and modern world, making this work accessible to those beginning to look at urban theory. The authors ground their research in extensive scholarship on urban development, primarily based in sociology, though they also draw heavily from theory in economics, geography, anthropology, and political science.... Highly recommended. Advanced undergraduates through faculty. * Choice Reviews * Using an environmental demographic approach rooted in Complex Adaptive Systems theory, Alexander R. Thomas and Gregory M. Fulkerson provide a coherent and unifying socio-historical account of the development and wide-spread growth of urban-rural systems over thousands of years from their origins in Southwest Asia to the present day.This book makes a very valuable contribution to our understanding of the interdependencies that exist between urban communities and rural areas.City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems will undoubtedly be embraced by the academic community. Instructors teaching both undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental sociology, sociological theory, urban and/or rural sociology, community sociology, and related topics will find this book interesting and germane. -- Gene L. Theodori, Professor of Sociology, Sam Houston State University Seeking an approach to understanding the dynamics of urbanization that is integrative of rurality, Thomas and Fulkerson present a sweeping examination of the theoretical conceptualizations and historical dimensions of urbanization and provide a thought-provoking argument for the role of urban dependence on rural exploitation as fundamental to both an historically transcendent and contemporary system. Naming and calling out the role of cultural constructions of rurality in prefiguring how rurality's essential role in processes of urbanization are both seen and not seen, the authors draw on the fundamental relationship between environment and demography to construct a synthetic view that recognizes the role of rurality in facilitating the survival and vitality of the urban. -- Julie N. Zimmerman, Dr. and Mrs. C. Milton Coughenour Rural Sociology Professor, University of Kentucky
