Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology

Gershon Tenenbaum, PhD, is a professor of educational psychology at Florida State University in Tallahassee, where he teaches courses on measurement in sport and exercise. He previously served as the director of the Center of Research and Sport Medicine at the Wingate Institute in Israel and was the coordinator of the sport psychology program at the University of Southern Queensland in Australia. Tenenbaum's research on measurement and statistical methods in the domain of sport and exercise psychology has been widely published, and he has published over 300 articles in peer-refereed journals and book chapters in leading journals in psychology, sport and exercise psychology, sports medicine, and sport sciences. In addition, he has edited and written several handbooks and books, including the Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Third Edition (with Robert Eklund), Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advancesin Human Performance (with William Edmonds), The Cultural Turn in Sport and Exercise Psychology (with Tatiana Ryba and Robert Schinke), Brain and Body in Sport and Exercise: Biofeedback Applications in Performance Enhancement (with Boris Blumenstein and Michael Bar-Eli), The Practice of Sport Psychology, and Research Methodology in Sport andExercise Sciences: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods (with Marcy Driscoll). Tenenbaum was the president of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) and a fellow of both the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK) and the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP). Tenenbaum was the editor of the International Journal of Sport Psychology and the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Each year, he organizes several sessions and symposia on measurement issues at conferences in the United States and abroad. In 2011, Tenenbaum received the Scientific Award for Scientific Achievement from the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 47 (Sport and Exercise Psychology division). In 2005, he was awarded the Benjamin S. Bloom Professorship from Florida State University and the Presidential Award from the International Society of Sport Psychology. In 2002, he was named a Distinguished Sport Science Scholar Lecturer in sport and exercise psychology for the University of Utah. He was also the recipient of the International Society of Sport Psychology Honor Award in 1997.Tenenbaum holds a doctorate in measurement and statistics from the University of Chicago. He resides in Tallahassee and enjoys traveling to conferences throughout the world, visiting his homeland of Israel, and watching competitive sport Robert C. Eklund, PhD, is a professor of sport psychology in the department of educational psychology and learning systems at Florida State University in Tallahassee, where he was recently named the Mode L. Stone Distinguished Professor of Sport Psychology. He earned his doctoral degree in exercise and sport science with a specialization in sport and exercise psychology from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. He is a fellow of both the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK). Eklund has published over 60 articles in referred journals; coedited (with Gershon Tenenbaum) the prestigious Handbook of Sport Psychology, Third Edition; coauthored two measurement manuals; and authored or coauthored 12 book chapters in the area of sport and exercise psychology. Eklund has presented his research and participated as a keynote lecturer and invited colloquia participant at numerous conferences worldwide. Eklund is the current editor in chief of the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology and has served in that capacity since January 2003. He has also served as associate editor for the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology and psychology section editor for Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. In addition to providing editorial review services for a range of scholarly journals, Eklund currently serves as an editorial board member for The Sport Psychologist; Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology; Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences; and Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences. In the past, he has served on the editorial boards for the Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology and the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Eklund resides in Tallahassee with his wife, Colleen, and two sons, Garth and Kieran. He enjoys their sport involvement immensely as well as their interest in spending sunny afternoons fishing at the beach. Akihito Kamata, PhD, is a professor of psychometrics and educational measurement in the department of educational methodology, policy, and leadership at the University of Oregon. Before joining the University of Oregon in 2009, he was on faculty at Florida State University for 11 years, where he also served as the chair of the department of educational psychology and learning systems. Kamata's primary research interest is implementation of item-level test data analysis methodology through item response theory modeling, multilevel modeling, and structural equation modeling. Kamata has done pioneering work on multilevel item response theory modeling, which is represented by his 2001 publication in the Journal of Educational Measurement, a special issue on multilevel measurement modeling in the Journal of Applied Measurement in 2005, and several book chapters on the topic, including a chapter in the Handbook of Advanced Multilevel Analysis (2011). He has other publications on psychometrics, measurement theory, and applied measurement, including articles in the Journal of Educational Measurement, Applied Psychological Measurement, Structural Equation Modeling, and Psychometrika.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Gershon Tenenbaum, Robert Eklund, and Akihito Kamata Concepts, Items, and Responses Steps in Designing Measures Assigning Meaning to Measures Introspection and Measurement: Reliability and Validity Conclusion Chapter 2. Measurement Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Historical, Comparative, and Psychometric View Weimo Zhu Key Developments in Educational and Psychological Measurement Progress and Status of Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Conclusion Acknowledgements Part I. Measurement Basics, Methods, and Issues Measurement Basics Chapter 3. Reliability Brandon K. Vaughn, Hwa-Young Lee, and Akihito Kamata The Theory of Reliability Estimating the Reliability Coefficient Standard Error of Measurement Evaluating the Magnitudes of Reliability Coefficients Improving Reliability Relationship to Validity Reliability for Multidimensional Instruments Misconceptions and Misuses of Reliability Conclusion Chapter 4. Conceptualizing Validity Brandon K. Vaughn and Sarah R. Daniel Validity in Premodern Era Collecting Evidence of Validity Validity in Modern Era Issues of Validity in Research Designs Conclusion Chapter 5. Validating Scores from New Assessments: A Comparison of Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory Yaakov Petscher and Christopher Schatschneider Level of Analysis Item Difficulty Item Discrimination Item Response Theory Parameter Invariance Constructing the Assessment Sample Size Conclusion Chapter 6. Factorial Invariance: Tools and Concepts for Strengthening Research Ryne Estabrook Factorial Invariance Configural Invariance Metric Invariance Alternative Approaches Fitting Invariance Models Ordinal Data Conclusion Acknowledgments Appendix A: Coding Example of Mplus Appendix B: Coding Example of OpenMx Chapter 7. Modeling Change Over Time Kevin J. Grimm and Nilam Ram Sample Data Analysis Latent Growth Curve Modeling Conclusion Acknowledgments Appendix Chapter 8. Rasch Modeling in Sort Bernd Strauss, Dirk Busch, and Gershon Tenenbaum The Basic Idea of the Rasch Model An Example for the Use of the Ordinal Rasch Model Extensions and Generalizations of Rasch Modeling The Use of the Mixed Rasch Model: An Example Probabilistic Test Models in Sport Psychology and Exercise Sports Conclusion Measurement Methods Chapter 9. Idiosyncratic Measures in Sport William A. Edmonds, Michael B. Johnson, Gershon Tenenbaum, and Akihito Kamata Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Eight-Step Idiosyncratic Approach Conclusion Chapter 10. Dynamic Assessment in Sport Thomas Schack Dynamic Assessment Dynamic Assessment Concept and Procedures Dynamic Assessment of Motor Learning Potential Further Areas for Applying Dynamic Assessment in Sport Psychology Conclusion Acknowledgments Chapter 11. Verbal Reports of Cognitive Processes David Eccles Validity of Verbal Reports of Cognitive Processes Methods Used in Studies of Psychological Skill Use With Regard to the Verbal Report Framework Proposed by Ericsson and Simon (1980) Summary of Methods Used in Studies of Psychological Skill Use With Regard to the Verbal Report Framework Concerns Over Using Verbal Report Methods Conclusion Acknowledgment Chapter 12. Making Sense of Words and Stories in Qualitative Research: Some Strategies for Consideration Brett Smith and Andrew Sparks Analysing the Whats: Content Analysing the Hows: Performative Narrative Analysis Showing the Whats and Hows: Creative Analytic Practices Conclusion Acknowledgments Measurement Issues Chapter 13. Developmentally Informed Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Research Alan L. Smith, Travis E. Dorsch, and Eva V. Monsma Cognitive Abilities and Structures Social Development Biological Maturation Change in Multiple Domains Conclusion Chapter 14. Cultural Sport Psychology: Special Measurement Considerations Tatiana V Ryba, Robert J. Schinke and Natalia B. Stambulova Assumptions and Principles of Cultural Sport Psychology Measuring Culture Conclusion Chapter 15. Synthesizing Measurement Outcomes through Meta-Analysis Betsy J. Becker and Soyeon Ahn What is Meta-Analysis? Meta-Analysis in Sport and Exercise Psychology Measurement Issues in Meta-Analysis Conclusion Chapter 16. Ethics: Assessment and Measurement in Sport and Exercise Psychology Jack C. Watson, Edward F. Etzel and Justine Vosloo Ethics and Ethics Codes Use of Technology Billing for Services Cultural Issues Conclusion Appendix: Codes of Ethics for Related Organizations Part II. Cognition, Perception, and Motivation Measurement Cognition Measurement Chapter 17. Cognitive Measures Related to Exercise and Physical Activity Jennifer L. Etnier Theoretical Framework Limitations and Sources of Confusion Primary Measurement Tools Examples Studies Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 18. Anticipation and Decision Making: Skills, Methods, and Measures Andrew M. Williams and Bruce Abernethy Anticipation in Sport: Capturing Performance Decision Making in Sport: Capturing Performance Anticipation and Decision Making: Identifying Causal Mechanisms Using Process Measures of Performance Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 19. Measuring Mental Representations Thomas Schack Mental Representations Cognitive Representation and Performance: Perspectives and Methods Mental Representations: A Theoretical Framework Measurement of Mental Representations Measuring Mental Representations in Sport Measuring Mental Representations in Sport: Insight From Empirical Studies Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Self-Perception Measurement Chapter 20. Physical Self-Concept Herbert W. Marsh and Jacqueline H.S. Cheng Construct Definition of Physical Self-Concept Dimensions and Sources of Confusion: Self-Esteem Versus Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy Tools to Measure the Physical Self Examples from the Literature Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 21. Exercise and Self-Perception Constructs Catherine Sabiston, James R. Whitehead, and Robert C. Eklund Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Exercise Identity Physical Activity Self-Definitions Exerciser Self-Schemata Possible Selves Dimensions and Sources of Confusion Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 22. Exercise-Related Self-Efficacy Edward McAuley, Siobhan M. White, Emily L. Mailey, and Thomas R. Wojcicki Self-Efficacy and Social Cognitive Theory Primary Self-Efficacy Measures Evidence for Support: Examples From the Literature Further Issues Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Acknowledgments Chapter 23. Self-Efficacy and Collective-Efficacy Lori Dithurbide and Deborah L. Feltz Definitions Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Sources of Collective Efficacy Information Dimensions and Sources of Confusion in Self-Efficacy and Collective Efficacy Guidelines for Constructing Self- Efficacy and Collective Efficacy Scales Examples From the Literature Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 24. Effort Perception Selen Razon, Jasmin Hutchinson, and Gershon Tenenbaum A Historical Perspective on Perceived Exertion Modern Psychophysics Models of Psychobiological Responses to Exercise Measurement of Perceived Effort Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Motivation Measurement Chapter 25. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport and Exercise Robert J. Vallerand, Eric D. Donahue, Marc-Andre K. Lafreniere Defining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation The Nature of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Multidimensional View of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation at Different Levels of Generality Evaluation of Measures of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport and Exercise Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 26. Exercise Motivation Philip M. Wilson Key Concepts and Theoretical Frameworks Theory and Measurement Exercise Motivation Instruments Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Acknowledgments Chapter 27. Achievement Motivation Processes David E. Conroy and Amanda L. Hyde History of Achievement Motivation Theories Review of Achievement Motive Measures Review of Achievement Goal Measures Other Measures Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Acknowledgments Part III. Emotion, Affect, and Coping Measurement Chapter 28. Affect, Mood, and Emotion Panteleimon Ekkekakis Choosing a Measure: A Three-Step Process Understanding the Differences Between Affect, Emotion, And Mood Hierarchical Structure of the Affective Domain: An Integrative Framework Review of Specific Measures Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 29. Emotional Reactivity Christopher M. Janelle and Kelly M. Naugle Definitions and Dimensions of the Variable Construct Dimensions and Sources of Confusion Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks Overview of Emotion Measures Recommendations for Researchers and PractitionersAcknowledgments Chapter 30. Flow Susan Jackson and Robert C. Eklund Theoretical Framework Flow Dimensions Sources of Confusion in the Flow Construct Measurement Tools Examples From the Literature Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 31. Burnout Robert C. Eklund, Tom Raedeke, Allen L. Smith, and Scott Cresswell Conceptualizing Athlete Burnout as a Syndrome Sources of Confusion About Athlete Burnout Burnout Measurement Tools for Athletes Sample Studies Using the ABQ From the Literature Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 32. Bayesian Approach of Measuring Competitive Crisis Michael Bar-Eli and Gershon Tenenbaum Bayesian Notions in Psychology. An Approach to Judgment and Decision Making Theory of Psychological Performance Crisis Bayes' Theorem: A Measurement Tool for Developing the Individual Performance Psychological Crisis Recommendations to Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 33. Psychological Skills Robert Weinberg and Samuel Forlenza History and Theoretical Foundations Issues and Limitations in the Measurement and Assessment of Psychological Skills Psychological Skill Assessment and Measurement Individual Assessments of Psychological Skills Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 34. Coping in Sport and Exercise Ronnie Lidor, Peter R.E. Crocker, and Amber D. Mosewich Coping Concept and Definition Instruments and Questionnaires Assessing Coping Skills Preperformance Coping Strategies: The Case of Self-Paced Tasks Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Part IV. Social and Behavioral Measurement Chapter 35. Cohesion Albert V. Carron, Mark A. Eys, and Luc J. Martin Definitions of Cohesion Conceptual Framework for Cohesion Sources of Confusion Questionnaires for Assessing Cohesion Overview of Questionnaire Use Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 36. Sequential Analysis of Team Communications and Effects on Team Performance Allan Jeong Introduction to Team Communications Seven-Step Procedure for Sequentially Analyzing Team Communications Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 37. Models and Measurement of Leadership in Sport Packianathan Chellandurai Theoretical Frameworks of Leadership in Sport Sources of Confusion Measures of Leadership Measures of Decision Style Measurement of Autonomy-Supportive Behavior Confusion in Purposes of Sport Participation Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 38. Moral Behavior Maria Kavussanu and Ian D. Boardley Definitions of the Construct Theoretical and Conceptual Framework Dimensions and Sources of Confusion Main Tools for Measuring the Variables Examples From the Literature Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners Chapter 39. Behavioral Measurement in Exercise Psychology Claudio R. Nigg, Patricia J. Jordan, and Angela Atkins Concept Definitions Conceptual Issues Tools for Measuring Physical Activity Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners

"This is a welcome contribution to the field of sport and exercise psychology. The measurement and evaluation tools introduced and expanded upon are based on past and current research practices and have been validated in the context of the field's most respected scientists." -Doody's Book Review (5 star review) "...the text distinguishes itself from others within the domain and provides a valuable and needed contribution." -The Sport Psychologist (December 2012)