List of Tables and FiguresPreface1. IntroductionThe Role of ElectionsWhy Africa?On RegimesOn Elections and DemocracyPreindependence and Postindependence Elections in African NationsContemporary Africa's Track RecordOutline of the Book2. On Democracy and ElectionsMaking a Conceptual ChoiceDefining DemocracyOperationalizing Democratic Qualities of ElectionsData Collection and Processing3. Elections in Africa over TimeFrequency and Number of ElectionsThe Democratic Qualities, on AverageDemocratic Qualities of Elections over Time Conclusions4. The Self-Reinforcing Power of ElectionsGoing from Bad to WorseFirst, Second, Third, Fourth, and Later ElectionsA Panel-Group ComparisonConclusions5. The Causal Effects of ElectionsDemocratic Qualities in SocietyA Missing Factor of DemocratizationHypotheses and Causal Links6. Democratization by Elections?Elections Are Associated with Civil LibertiesAnalyzing by CountriesConclusions7. Comparative Perspectives and ReflectionsThe Transition ParadigmCorruption and DemocratizationStateness and Social CitizenshipLessons on ConsolidationPolicy ImplicationsThe Power of Elections in Unfavorable ConditionsAppendix 1: Overview of Elections in Africa, by YearAppendix 2: Changes in Civil Liberties RankingsAppendix 3: About the Freedom House Civil Liberties IndexAppendix 4: A Data Set on Elections in AfricaNotesReferencesIndex