When darkness falls, storms rage, fog settles, or lights fail, pilots are forced to make ''instrument landings,'' relying on technology and training to guide them through typically the most dangerous part of any flight. In this original study, Erik M. Conway recounts one of the most important stories in aviation history: the evolution of aircraft landing aids that make landing safe and routine in almost all weather conditions.Discussing technologies such as the Loth leader-cable system, the American National Bureau of Standards system, and, its descendants, the Instrument Landing System, the MIT-Army-Sperry Gyroscope microwave blind landing system, and the MIT Radiation Lab's radar-based Ground Controlled Approach system, Conway interweaves technological innovation, training innovation, and pilots' experiences to examine the evolution of blind landing technologies. He shows how technologies originally intended to produce routine, all-weather, blind landings gradually developed into routine instrument-guided approaches. Even so, after two decades of innovation and experience, pilots still could not be induced to place the most critical phase of flight, the landing, entirely in technology's invisible hand. The very concept of landing blind therefore disappeared from the trade literature by the end of World War II, a victim of human limitations.
