Ending Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery

Annalisa Enrile, MSW, Ph.D. ,is one of the few Filipina Ph.D.s in social work, having chosen the field as a way to bring to light important social issues in the Filipino-American community, the fastest-growing Asian immigrant population in the United States. She frequently speaks out against sex trafficking, anti-militarization and exploitative migrant labor. A voice for equity, human rights, and global justice, Annalisa has been recognized as one of the 100 Most Influential Filipinas in the World (FWN Global 100) for her efforts to stop violence against women. She has worked with students, communities and academic partners to create social change and impact through innovation and collaboration. Annalisa is a Clinical Associate Professor at the USC Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work. She teaches human behavior, management, social innovation, social change, global violence against women, and international social work. Annalisa develops curriculum and creates unique learning experiences and opportunities for students at the undergraduate and MSW level. She leads one of the school's original global immersion programs to the Philippines and Europe, in the areas of diversity, human rights, gender violence, trafficking, and change. Annalisa also coordinates the school's Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Residency program. Annalisa is active in community organizations, including serving on several anti-trafficking task forces, and is on the board of the Mariposa Center for Change, an organization that serves women and children of color. She consults with organizations such as the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST), Covenant House, Inc., YWCA Greater Los Angeles, and Search to Involve Pilipino Americans (SIPA). She practices international social work, having been an activist and advocate for vulnerable populations around the world since 1993. Annalisa would like to personally thank her family for all of their support and her kasamas who taught her what it means to fight for women's genuine liberation, modeled how to stand in your truth, and remind her every day just what is at stake if we do not struggle.

About the Author About the Contributors Acknowledgments Preface PART 1 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS, DEFINITIONS, AND ROOT CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MODERN-DAY SLAVERY 1 Introduction and History of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Chapter Objectives History of Slavery Defining Trafficking Sex Trafficking Understanding Sex Work Labor Trafficking Conceptual Approaches to Human Trafficking Scope of the Issue Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Report Alternatives to the TIP Report Call to Action: A Multitude of Lenses Discussion Questions Challenge 2 The Law of Supply and Demand: The Business of Trafficking Chapter Objectives Demand Dynamics Supply Side Beyond Supply and Demand Call to Action: Changing the Business Model Discussion Questions Challenge 3 Social Determinants of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Chapter Objectives Social Determinants Poverty Militarization World War II Sex Slaves ("Comfort Women") Case Vignette: Chien Corruption Female Gender Race and Ethnicity Culture Caste and Class Call to Action: Ending Trafficking by Targeting Social Determinants Discussion Questions Challenge PART 2 CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 4 Trauma-Informed Care Chapter Objectives Introduction Defining Trauma Complex Trauma Neurobiology and Trauma Impact of Trauma-Informed Care Trauma-Informed Care and Trafficking Principles to Guide Practice Implementing Trauma-Informed Care Trauma-Informed Practice Example: Seeking Safety Meditation and Mindfulness Complex Case Call to Action: Strengths-Based and Trauma-Informed Discussion Questions Challenge 5 Case Management Chapter Objectives Introduction Defining Case Management Implementing Case Management Resources for Case Managers Effective Approaches Challenges Complex Case Call to Action: Coordination, Communication, Case Management Discussion Questions Challenge 6 Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Chapter Objectives Defining Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Implementing Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy PTSD: Common Diagnosis with Victims of Trafficking Current Issues with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Complex Case Call to Action: Reframe and Rethink Discussion Questions Challenge 7 Survivor Advocate Model Chapter Objectives Introduction Pimp Appropriation Survivor Advocate Model Examples of Survivor Advocate Models 12 Beliefs Challenges Complex Case Call to Action: No Justice, No Peace Discussion Questions Challenge 8 Interventions for Commercially Sexually Exploited Children (CSEC) Chapter Objectives Introduction Overview of CSEC The Language of CSEC Screening for CSEC Widely Used CSEC Interventions Global Child Trafficking Case Vignette: Amber Call to Action: One Child Is One Child Too Many Discussion Questions Challenge PART 3 POLICY INTERVENTIONS 9 Landmark Policies in Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Chapter Objectives Introduction The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime: The Palermo Protocols United States: Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 Highlight: Kids in Need of Defense (KIND) Additional Legislation Safe Harbor Laws Anti-trafficking Laws: A Global View Organizational Highlight: Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST) Case Vignette: Cristela Call to Action: Create and Enforce Anti-trafficking Policy Worldwide Discussion Questions Challenge 10 Supply Chain Transparency Chapter Objectives Introduction: Labor Trafficking Overview The Ghost Fleet Understanding the Supply Chain Laws Around Supply Chain Transparency Case Study: Brazil, a National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labor The Road to Transparency Highlight: H2B Visas and Migration California Transparency in Supply Chains Act (CA-TISC) Highlight: Alliance to Stop Slavery and End Trafficking (ASSET) Modern Slavery Act-UK Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) (Executive Order 13,627) and the Trade Facilitation Enforcement Act of 2015 (H.R. 644) Challenges Best Practices Case Vignette: Edward Call to Action: Transparency to Freedom Discussion Questions Challenge PART 4 ADVOCACY, ACTIVISM, AND INNOVATIONS 11 Grassroots' Advocacy and Activism Chapter Objectives Introduction (Human) Rights-Based Approach Advocacy and Activism Highlight: UN Women Feminist Movement Building Highlight: Coalition Against Trafficking Women Grassroots Initiatives Forging Institutional Partnerships Developing Public and Institutional Support Through Research and Advocacy Overall Insights: From the Local to the Global Perspective Challenges Call to Action: Advocacy and Activism to End Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Discussion Questions Challenge 12 Faith-Based Organizations Chapter Objectives Introduction Faith-Based Services Faith-Based Abolitionist Movements Highlight: Hookers for Jesus (Domestic Organizational Highlight) Faith-Based Services, Programs, and Projects Highlight: Wellspring International Challenges Case Vignette: Fellowship Monrovia Call to Action: Be the Light Discussion Questions Challenge 13 Prevention Chapter Objectives Introduction Ecosystems Lens Addressing Root Causes Examples of Best Practices Adequate Training Corporate Social Responsibility and Supply Chain Management Challenges Call to Action: Address "Complete Range of Vulnerabilities" for Effective Prevention Discussion Questions Challenge 14 Social Innovations in Human Trafficking: Solutions to a Wicked Problem Chapter Objectives Introduction Wicked Problems Growing Innovation in the Anti-trafficking Movement Best Practices in Social Innovation Highlight: LaborVoices Highlight: Traffickcam Challenges Case Vignette: The Mariposa Center Call to Action: Impact and Disruption as The Road to Ending Trafficking Guiding Questions for Social Labs Challenge 15 Ending Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Chapter Objectives What We Have Learned So Far Evolving Trends Changing Role of Survivor Advocates and/or Activists Case Vignette: Women's Rights Defenders Call to Action: End Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery Now! Survivor Statements: In Our Own Words . . . Discussion Questions Challenge Glossary References Index

"This excellent text offers a meaningful contribution to knowledge on the pressing issue of human slavery. Its use of a systems perspective coupled with an emphasis on advocacy represents an ideal combination of scholarship and practice vital to any examination - and response - to human trafficking." -- Jorja Leap "Labor trafficking continues to be an invisible issue. Enrile takes labor trafficking out of the shadows and puts it in plain view for the reader; highlighting the challenges we face as individuals, and within local and international communities to target labor law violations and control supply chains." -- Wendy Stickle "The text does a skillful job of integrating various perspectives relevant to understanding the problem of human trafficking. It takes a problem-solving approach to trafficking that fully recognizes the complexities of this vital concern." -- Kali Wright-Smith "Historical and contemporary, critical and applied, global and local, this book provides both a rich overview of the problem of human trafficking and a detailed account of strategies for addressing it at practice and policy levels." -- David Porteous "This book offers a comprehensive and holistic look at issues of contemporary slavery." -- Marie A. Conn "Enrile's systems perspective and focus on advocating for survivor interventions adds a robust dimension to any study of human trafficking." -- Manuel F. Zamora "This text takes a thorough intellectual look at the problem of human trafficking and the very real issues impeding those who would bring it to an end." -- Nancy Janus "An interesting and useful book which fills a notable gap in the literature." -- Simon Sneddon "A multi-disciplinary text which encompasses a vast range of aspects concerning trafficking and modern day slavery." -- Jan Bourne-Day "A timely and substantial contribution to the global issue of human slavery, this text introduces students to the comprehensive suite of responses currently being utilized in the US and beyond, whilst basing such discussions within a practice-orientated domain." -- N. Chubbock "This book is a great source of information on professional anti-trafficking intervention." -- Nadia Shapkina "Understanding human trafficking is not an easy feat. This text provides an in-depth explanation of the problem from a variety of perspectives that gives the reader applicable approaches to combatting the challenges of human trafficking and modern day slavery." -- Nelseta Walters-Jones "Human trafficking is a multifaceted crime. The issue is complex, global, and requires many players to truly understand it. If we really want to find solutions to minimize victimization, understand it, and effectively fight it, human trafficking has to be looked at from different disciplines. This book gives us great insight on what the issues are, what questions we should be asking, and some solutions as how to go forward." -- Roksana Alavi "Labor trafficking continues to be an invisible issue. Enrile takes labor trafficking out of the shadows and puts it in plain view for the reader, highlighting the challenges we face as individuals, and within local and international communities to target labor law violations and control supply chains." -- Wendy Stickle