Autonomy-Supportive Teaching in Higher Education

Patrick Whitehead is associate professor of psychology and coordinator of general education at Albany State University, where he was named 2019 scholar of the year. He has published six books including Psychologizing: A Personal, Practice-based Approach to Psychology and dozens of articles in the fields of psychology, philosophy, and higher education. He lives on a farm in Albany, Georgia, USA with his wife, Erica.

Acknowledgments Introduction Not a Vignette A Revolution in My Teaching Spirit AST Will Work for You and Your Students Three Potential Hurdles: Mistaken Beliefs that Interfere with Professional Development Mistaken Belief 1: It's the Students' Fault Mistaken Belief 2: Teachers Cannot Change Mistaken Belief 3: Controlling Teachers Are the Best Teachers Relation to Other Psychologies of Student Motivation Grit: Passion and Determination with Angela Duckworth and Cal Newport Fixed and Growth Mindsets with Carol Dweck Why We Learn the Ways that We Learn, with Josh Eyler Structure of this Book Part I: Theory Chapter 1: Self-Determination Theory A Brief History of the Psychology of Student Motivation Self Determination Theory and the Three Basic Psychological Needs Autonomy Competence Relatedness Supporting Basic Psychological Needs Why the Students Wouldn't Read Macbeth The Many Forms of Extrinsic Motivation Continuum of Extrinsic Motivation Internalization and the Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors No Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors External Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors Externalized Regulation Introjected Regulation Internalized Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation Intrinsic Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors Chapter 2: Autonomy Supportive Teaching Vignette 1, Where Online Students Missed the First Deadline Vignette 2, The One with Lethargic Graduate Students Autonomy Supportive Teaching Seven Strategies for Supporting Student Autonomy Strategy 1: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Adopt their Students' Perspective My Experience Taking Students' Perspective Strategy 2: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Invite Students to Pursue their Interests My Experience Inviting Students to Pursue their Interests Strategy 3: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Present Learning Activities in Need Satisfying Ways Autonomy Competence Relatedness My Experience Presenting Learning Activities in Need-Satisfying Ways Strategy 4: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Provide Explanatory Rationale My Experience Providing Explanatory Rationale Strategy 5: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Acknowledge Negative Feelings My Experience Acknowledging Negative Feelings Strategy 6: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Use Invitational Language My Experience Using Invitational Language Strategy 7: Autonomy Supportive Teachers Practice Patience My Experience Practicing Patience The Gestalt of Autonomy Supportive Teaching Chapter 3: Evidence Supporting Autonomy Supportive Teaching in Higher Education Evidence that AST Works in Higher Education Physical Education and Other General Education Courses Remedial Writing Courses Music and Performing Arts Psychology and Social Sciences Sciences and Liberal Arts in South America Arts and Humanities, Health Sciences, Engineering, and Exercise Sciences in Europe Online and Asynchronous Courses Graduate School Gender Differences in Highly Specific Cases Intercultural and International Applicability Conclusion Part II: Application Chapter 4: Self-Determination Theory Workshop Basic Psychological Needs Regulation of Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors Chapter 5: Assessing Autonomy Supportive Teaching Workshop A Preliminary Note on the Difference Between Assessment and Evaluation Situations in School Inventory Assessing Structure Assessing Chaos Assessing Autonomy Support Assessing Control Completing the Inventory and Analyzing the Results Situations in School Inventory Scoring Advanced Scoring Learning Climate Questionnaire Classroom Observation Checksheet Chapter 6: Taking Students' Perspective Workshop Methods for Getting Student Feedback Distribute Slips of Paper Asking for Anonymous Suggestions Hold an Open "Town Hall" Type Forum Create a Virtual Survey or Poll When to Avoid Taking Students' Perspective Put It into Practice Homework Activity #1: Distribute Comment Cards Homework Activity #2: Seek Candid Reviews of Course Content Homework Activity #3: Invite Students to Comment on Lesson Plan for the Day Problems to Expect, and How to Deal with Them Students Have No Feedback to Share Students Don't Seem to Be Interested in Their Own Suggestions Students Have Only Positive Feedback to Share Chapter 7: Supporting Students' Intrinsic Motivation Workshop AST Strategy Two: Invite Students to Pursue Their Interests Homework: Identify an Aspect of the Course with Which You Are Comfortable Allowing Students to Participate in Choosing AST Strategy Three: Present Learning Activities in Need-Satisfying Ways Competence Relatedness Put it Into Practice Homework Activity #1: Stop and Assess Where Your Students Are Homework Activity #2: Emphasize Relatedness by Encouraging Students to Work Together Problems to Expect and How to Deal with Them Students Have a Range of Skill Levels Students Are Not Interested in Working Together Chapter 8: Supporting Students' Internalization Workshop AST Strategy Four: Provide Explanatory Rationale Put it into Practice Homework Activity #1: Explain Why You're Doing the Next Thing You Will Be Doing Homework Activity #2: Integrate Rationale into Assignment Instructions Homework Activity #3: Explore the TiLT Model of Teaching AST Strategy Five: Acknowledge Negative Feelings Homework Activity #1: Acknowledge and Accept the Negative Affect of One Student Homework Activity #2: Use Collective Negative Affect as a Diagnostic Tool Homework Activity #3: Reflect on the Ideal Emotional Profile of Students AST Strategy Six: Rely on Invitational Language Homework Activity #1: Rewrite Activity Instructions Using Invitational Language Homework Activity #2: Design an Alternative Assignment AST Strategy Seven: Practice Patience Homework Activity #1: Adjust the Amount of Time Needed for Completing an Activity Homework Activity #2: Patient Listening Part III: Finishing Touches Chapter 9: Sample Assessment: Using AST in Online Courses AST in Online Courses: An Understudied Relationship Design Control Condition AST Condition List of Sample Activities for AST Condition (Human Growth and Development) Results Learning Climate Inventory Discussion Additional Results Student Comments about the AST Condition Discussion of Assessment Results Mistake Number 1: Expectations Were Unclear Mistake Number 2: My Understanding of AST Was Limited Mistake Number 3: I integrated Too Few AST Strategies Conclusion Chapter 10: A Case Study of Teacher Transformation My 2016 Letter to Students Course "Deliverables" Desire2Learn Be Yourself My 2022 Analysis of the 2016 Letter to Students The Letter is Long The Letter is Formatted Using Headings There is a Block Quote The Letter is Not Written from the Students' Perspective Students Are Expected to Be Guided by Intrinsic Motivation There is Little Explanatory Rationale There is No Room for Affect It's My Way or the Highway Selective Patience It Isn't All Bad A Digital Letter Written to an Online Health Psychology Course in 2022 General Observations Conclusion: Troubleshooting Problems and Looking Ahead Some Instructors Will Do This Naturally Anticipating Problems The Need for Structure Logistical Problems with Adopting Autonomy Supportive Teaching Confusion about What the Strategies Entail Disagreement about the Teachability of Certain Strategies External Pressures to Be Controlling A Call for More Research on AST in Higher Education AST in Large Lecture Halls (Less than 70 students) Asynchronous Online Courses Professional and Organizational Development References Index About the Author