Human Body Composition

Steven B. Heymsfield, MD, brings a broad range of experience in research to the writing of this book. He is trained in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, all of which relate to the measurement and study of body composition. Dr. Heymsfield is currently the executive director of clinical studies, metabolism at Merck in Rahway, New Jersey, where he oversees Merck's Clinical Obesity Research Program. Additionally, he is a visiting scientist at the Obesity Research Center at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital. Prior to his current position, Dr. Heymsfield was a professor of medicine at the Columbia University, New York, College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Heymsfield has conducted national and international presentations and made many contributions to publications in the field. He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, International Journal of Body Composition Research, Age & Nutrition, Nutrition Reviews, Clinical Nutrition, and Adipocytes. He is also an active member of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity and past president of both the American Society of Clinical Nutrition and the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Timothy G. Lohman, PhD, is a leading scientist in the field of body composition assessment. A respected researcher, he explores body composition methodology and changes in body composition with growth and development, exercise, and aging. His leadership in standardization of body composition methodology is well recognized. Dr. Lohman is a professor in the department of exercise science at the University of Arizona. He is also a fellow of the American Academy of Physical Education, a member of the American College of Sports Medicine, and a member of the Youth Fitness Advisory Committee of the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in Dallas, Texas. He is the author of many research articles and an editor of the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, published by Human Kinetics. Dr. Lohman is also author of Advances in Body Composition Assessment. ZiMian Wang, PhD, is an associate research scientist at Columbia University College and research associate in the Obesity Research Center of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center. Trained in biology, biochemistry, physiology, and chemistry, he has published more than 100 research papers on the topic of human body composition. Scott B. Going, PhD, is an associate professor in the department of nutritional sciences at the University of Arizona. An expert in body composition models and methods, he has more than 20 years of related teaching experience and research experience in this field.

Part I: The Science of Body Composition Research Chapter 1. Study of Body Composition: An Overview Wei Shen, Marie-Pierre St-Onge, ZiMian Wang, and Steven B. Heymsfield History -Body Composition Rules and Models -Future Directions Part II: Body Composition Measurement Methods Chapter 2. Hydrodensitometry and Air Displacement Plethysmography Scott B. Going -Body Composition Models -Estimation of Body Volume by Underwater Weighing -Recommended Procedures for Hydrodensitometry -Air Displacement Plethysmography -Summary Chapter 3. Hydrometry Dale A. Schoeller -Total Body Water -Intracellular Water and Extracellular Water -Summary Chapter 4. Whole-Body Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis Kenneth J. Ellis -Whole-Body Counting -Neutron Activation Analysis Chapter 5. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Timothy G. Lohman and Zhao Chen -History and Development of DXA -Assumptions of DXA and Their Validity -Applicability of DXA -Equipment: Hardware -Equipment: Software -Measurement Procedures -Calibration Procedures -Precision of Total and Regional Composition Estimates -Accuracy of DXA for the Measurement of Fatness -Accuracy of DXA Regional Body Composition Assessments -Estimating Body Composition Changes -Hydration Status As a Confounder in DXA Body Composition Estimates -Application of DXA to Pediatric Populations -DXA Use in Multicomponent Models -Steps Toward Standardization of DXA -Recommended Procedure for DXA Measurements -Summary Chapter 6. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Wm. Cameron Chumlea and Shumei S. Sun -Physical Electrical Properties -Bioelectrical Properties -Measuring Impedance -Impedance History -Single- and Multiple-Frequency Impedance -Impedance and Body Composition -Changes in Body Composition -Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance -Impedance and Blood Chemistry -Summary Chapter 7. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Robert Ross and Ian Janssen -CT Image Acquisition -MRI Image Acquisition -CT Image Analysis -MRI Image Analysis -Determination of Tissue Volume -CT Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality -CT Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality -MRI Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality -MRI Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality -Validity of Tissue Quantity by CT -Validity of Tissue Quantity by MRI -Comparison of CT and MRI -Applications of CT and MRI on Tissue Quantity and Quality -Future Directions -Potential of CT and MRI in Large-Scale Studies -Summary Chapter 8. Anthropometry and Ultrasound Anna Bellisari and Alex F. Roche -Anthropometry -Ultrasound -Summary Chapter 9. Pediatric Body Composition Methods Aviva Sopher, Wei Shen, and Angelo Pietrobelli -Multicomponent Models -Hydrodensitometry -Air Displacement Plethysmography -Dilution Methods -Whole-Body Counting -Electrical Methods -Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry -Imaging Methods -Anthropometry -Summary Chapter 10. Animal Body Composition Methods Maria S. Johnson and Tim R. Nagy -Carcass Analysis -Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC) -Total Body Water by Isotope Dilution -Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) -Computed Tomography (CT) -Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) -Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -Summary Chapter 11. Statistical Methods Shumei S. Sun and Wm. Cameron Chumlea -Accuracy of Predictive Equations -Validity of the Response Variable -Precision of the Predictor Variables -Relationships Between Predictor Variables and Response Variables -Statistical Methods -Size and Nature of the Sample -Published Predictive Equations -Summary Part III: Body Composition Models and Components Chapter 12. Multicomponent Molecular-Level Models of Body Composition Analysis ZiMian Wang, Wei Shen, Robert T. Withers, and Steven B. Heymsfield -General Concepts of Molecular-Level Body Composition Methods -Three-, Four-, and Six-Component Hydrodensitometry Methods -Four- and Six-Component Neutron Activation Methods -Six-Component Total Body Carbon Method -Multicomponent Total Body Protein Method -Summary Chapter 13. Measuring Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Relation to Health LuA?A?A"s B. Sardinha and Pedro J. Teixeira -Total Body Fatness -Fat Distribution -Summary Chapter 14. Assessing Muscle Mass Henry C. Lukaski -Anthropometric Indicators of Muscle Mass -Muscle Metabolites -Radiographic Methods -Nuclear Techniques -Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis -High-Frequency Energy Absorption (HFEA) -Summary Chapter 15. Body Composition, Organ Mass, and Resting Energy Expenditure Dympna Gallagher and Marinos Elia -Measurement of REE -Quantifying Specific Organ and Tissue Masses -Specific Metabolic Rates of Organs and Tissues -Modeling REE -REE and Organ Metabolic Rates During the Life Span -REE: Race and Ethnicity -REE in Disease -Ongoing Efforts in the Measurement of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Rates -Summary Part IV: Body Composition and Biological Influences Chapter 16. Genetic Influences on Human Body Composition Peter Katzmarzyk and Claude Bouchard -Basic Concepts -Methods -Genetics and Body Fat Content -Genetics and Fat Topography -Genetic Pleiotropy and Body Fat Phenotypes -Genetics and Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes -Summary Chapter 17. Age Richard N. Baumgartner -Fat Mass -Fat Distribution -Fat-Free Mass -Summary Chapter 18. Variation in Body Composition Associated With Sex and Ethnicity Robert M. Malina -Reference Values -Total Body Composition -Adipose Tissue Distribution -Bone As a Component of Body Composition -Skeletal Muscle -Summary Chapter 19. Pregnancy Sally Ann Lederman -Why Measure Pregnancy Body Composition? -Measuring Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy -Advances of the Field Chapter 20. Exercise Daniel P. Williams, Pedro J. Teixeira, and Scott B. Going -Body Weight -Whole-Body Fat -Visceral Adipose Tissue -Fat-Free Mass, Lean Soft Tissue, and Skeletal Muscle -Bone -Summary Chapter 21. Hormonal Influences on Human Body Composition Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Per Bjorntorp -Hormonal Effects Through the Life Cycle -Effects of Glucocorticoids -Interactions Between Hormones -Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Hormones -Regulation of Energy Exchange -Summary Part V: Body Composition and Pathological States Chapter 22. Morbidity and Mortality Associations Jacob C. Seidell -Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Morbidity and Mortality: Methodological Issues -Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Mortality -Body Composition and Aging: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality -Effect of Age on the Association Between Weight Change and Health -Effect of Age on the Association Between Fat Distribution and Health -Summary Chapter 23. Body Composition and Cancer Zhao Chen -Body Composition and Cancer Risk -Body Composition and Cancer Treatment -Cancer-Related Wasting -Other Applications of Body Composition Assessments in Cancer Research -Summary Chapter 24. Obesity and Diabetes: Body Composition Determinants of Insulin Resistance Bret H. Goodpaster and David E. Kelley -Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity -Fat-Free Mass and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity -Abdominal Adiposity: Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Type 2 DM -Lower-Extremity Adipose Tissue -Skeletal Muscle Fat Content -Hepatic Steatosis and IR in Obesity and Type 2 DM -Effects of Weight Loss on Body Composition and IR -Summary Chapter 25. Body Composition Studies in People With HIV Donald P. Kotler and Ellen S. Engelson -Early Studies (1981-1983) -Body Composition Assessment -Cross-Sectional Studies -Studies of Pathogenic Mechanisms -Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes -Longitudinal Studies -Studies of Nutritional Therapies -HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy -Pseudotruncal Obesity -Treatment of Fat Redistribution -Switch Studies -Summary Chapter 26. Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition Ian Janssen and Ronenn Roubenoff -Influence of Metabolic Imbalances on Body Composition -Influence of Immune Mediators on Metabolism -Usefulness of Body Composition As a Measure of Chronic Disease Status -Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Adults -Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents -Summary Appendix: Reference Body Composition Tables Abbreviations References Index

"...provides a comprehensive reference on body composition measurements and on the scope of influence on physiology and pathology related to body composition." Journal of Dance, Medicine & Science (review of the first edition) "...indispensable for exercise science researchers and graduate students who want to use the methods described in the book and fully understand the literature based on these methods." Rivista di Antropologia (review of the first edition)