Crimes of Hate

Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld has a BA in psychology from Reed College, an MA and a PhD in psychology from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and a JD from the University of Nebraska. She is a professor and chair of Criminal Justice at California State University, Stanislaus, where she has taught a class on hate crimes since 1994. In addition to hate crimes, her research interests include juvenile justice, capital punishment, and psychology and law. Diana R. Grant is Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice Administration at Sonoma State University. She received her Ph.D. in Social Ecology from the University of California, Irvine. Her research interests focus on the social psychology of legal processes and legal decision making.

Preface SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. Connecting the Past to the Future: Hate Crime in America - C. Petrosino SECTION TWO: HATE CRIME LAWS 2. The Birth and Maturation of Hate Crime Policy in the United States - R. Grattet and V. Jenness 3. Consequences for Victims: A Comparison of Bias- and Non-bias-Motivated Assaults - J. McDevitt, J. Balboni, L. Garcia, and J. Gu 4. Retaliation, Fear, or Rage: An Investigation of African American and White Reactions to Racist Hate Crimes - K. M. Craig 5. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 SECTION THREE: POLICY PROBLEMS 6. Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 508 U.S. 476 7. Good Intentions: The Enforcement of Hate Crime Penalty-Enhancement Statutes - K. Franklin 8. An Analysis of Factors that Affect Law Enforcement Participation in Hate Crime Reporting - J. J. Nolan, and Y. Akiyama SECTION FOUR: HATE CRIME OFFENDERS 9. Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology - J. McDevitt, J. Levin, and S. Bennett 10. Bias Crime Motivation: A Study of Hate Crime and Offender Neutralization Techniques Used Against The Amish - B. D. Byers, B. W. Crider, and G. K. Biggers 11. Why Can't We Just Get Along? Interpersonal Biases and Interracial Distrust - J. F. Dovidio, S. L. Gaertner, K. Kawakami, and G. Hodson 12. Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites - P. B. Gerstenfeld, D. R. Grant, and C. Chiang 13. Hate Crime and Everyday Discrimination: Influences of and on The Social Context - L. Wang SECTION FIVE: ORGANIZED HATE GROUPS 14. An Ethnographer Looks at Neo-Nazi and Klan Groups: The Racist Mind Revisited - R. S. Ezekiel 15. History as a Weapon: How Extremists Deny the Holocaust in North America - B. Levin 16. White Boys to Terrorist Men: Target Recruitment of Nazi Skinheads - R. Blazak SECTION SIX: HATE CRIME VICTIMS 17. Hate Crimes Against African Americans: The Extent of the Problem - S. Torres 18. Hate Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Prevalence, Psychological Correlates, and Methodological Issues - G. M. Herek, J. R. Gillis, J. C. Cogan, and E. K. Glunt 19. Hate Violence as Border Patrol: An Asian American Theory of Hate Violence - T. Chen 20. Examining The Boundaries Of Hate Crime Law: Disabilities and the "Dilemma of Difference" - R. Grattet and V. Jenness SECTION SEVEN: FIGHTING CRIME 21. Hate Crime and Anti-Racism Campaigning: Testing the Approach of Portraying Stereotypical Information-Processing - F. W. Winkel 22. Victim-Offender Mediation: The Road to Repairing Hate Crime Injustice - A. H. Shenk 23. Stop The Hate: Massachusetts Task Force Creates Student Civil Rights Project to Combat Problem - J. Mahoney SECTION EIGHT: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 24. Racism, Ethnicity and Hate Crime - R. White and S. Perrone 25. Aggressive Youth Cultures and Hate Crime: Skinheads and Xenophobic Youth in Germany - M. W. Watts 26. Legislating Against Hate: Outlawing Racism and Anti-Semitism in Britain - P. Iganksi 27. The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe - M. Brearley