This book contributes to the history of early modern Catholicism through a case study of a landmark project in the development of the seventeenth-century French Bible: the Port-Royal translation of the New Testament published in 1667. Produced by theologians based at the monastery of Port-Royal, a major religious and intellectual center associated with Jansenism, this translation became one of the most widely read Catholic Bibles of its age. The study situates the Port-Royal project within the revival of French Catholicism after the Wars of Religion, when the Church, inspired by Tridentine reforms, sought to promote discipline and devotion across all ranks of society. While many theologians resisted direct lay access to Scripture, political pressures, Protestant competition, and developments in the French language created new opportunities for vernacular biblical translation. The Port-Royal New Testament stood out from contemporary efforts by its scope, ambition, and style. Unlike other spiritual schools, the Jansenists placed Scripture at the heart of religious life and promoted its reading as central to devotion. Their translation, polemically defended by Antoine Arnauld (1612-1694), adjusted biblical language to contemporary French, aiming for clarity, elegance, and accessibility. Critics accused the work of echoing Protestant practice, yet its popularity among readers testified to its resonance. Drawing on translation analysis, polemical literature, and the history of the book, this study shows how the Jansenists advanced a program of religious renewal that combined fidelity to Patristic tradition with a modern, stylistically refined vernacular Bible. Their publishing strategies sought to diminish the gap between clergy and laity, dispersing their translation despite the condemnations of religious and political authorities. The Port-Royal New Testament thus emerges as both a devotional resource and a controversial intervention, embodying the Jansenist vision of universal access to the Word of God and leaving a mark on French Catholic culture.
