Introduction; The resident fauna of thistle heads; Stem-borers and leaf-miners; Insects on the outside of the plant; Insect herbivores: biological control; Identification: Key 1 Arthropods inside thistle heads; Key II Insect larvae and pupae inside stems and roots; Key III Insects larvae and pupae in leaves; Key IV Insect adults, larvae and pupae on the outside of the plant: IV.1 Hemiptera adults and nymphs; IV.2 Lepidoptera adults; IV.3 Diptera adults; IV.4 Coleoptera adults and larvae; Techniques; References and further reading; Index.

