1. Taking a Scientfic Approach to Improving Map Representation and Design I. How Meaning Is Derived from Maps 2. An Information-Processing View of Vision and Visual Cognition 3. How Maps Are Seen 4. How Maps Are Understood: Visual Array Visual Description Knowledge Schemata Cognitive Representation II. How Maps Are Imbued with Meaning 5. A Primer on Semiotics for Understanding Map Representation 6. A Functional Approach to Map Representation: The Semantics and Syntactics of Map Signs 7. A Lexical Approach to Map Representation: Map Pragmatics III. How Maps Are Used: Applications in Geographic Thinking 8. GVIS: Facilitating Visual Thinking 9. GVIS: Relationships in Space and Time 10. GVIS: Should We Believe What We See? Postscript