Perspectives on International Relations - International Student Edition 7/e

Henry R. Nau has combined an outstanding career in the academic world with two opportunities to serve at the highest levels of the U.S. government. He brings this experience to bear in this textbook, integrating theory and practice with unprecedented clarity for understanding historical and contemporary issues in world affairs. Nau is currently professor of political science and international affairs at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University. He taught previously at Williams College and held visiting appointments at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, Stanford University, and Columbia University. From 1977 to 1981, Nau served on the Board of Editors of the journal International Organization. He has received research grants from, among others, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the National Science Foundation, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Smith-Richardson Foundation, the Century Foundation, the Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission, the Hoover Institution, the Rumsfeld Foundation, and the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. Nau served from 1975 to 1977 as special assistant to the undersecretary for economic affairs, Charles Robinson, in the U.S. Department of State. In that capacity he worked in the office of the Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to organize a major conference on science, technology, and foreign policy. For his service, he was awarded the State Department's Superior Honor Award. From 1981 to 1983 Nau served as a senior staff member of the National Security Council responsible for international economic affairs. He was President Reagan's White House aide, or Sherpa, for the annual G7 economic summits in Ottawa (1981), Versailles (1982), and Williamsburg (1983), and for the special summit with developing countries in Cancun (1982). At those summits, the United States led a revival of the world economy from the stagflation and resource shortages of the 1970s to thirty years of 3+ percent growth per year, promoting the so-called Washington Consensus (originating in the Williamsburg Summit Communique) of lower inflation, freer markets and open trade. Nau wrote an account of these early years in The Myth of America's Decline (see below). Outside government, Nau continued his public service. From 1984 to 1990 he served on the U.S. Department of State's Advisory Committee on International Investment and as the U.S. member of the UN Committee for Development Planning. From 1989 to 2016, he directed the U.S.-Japan-South Korea Legislative Exchange Program, semiannual meetings among members of the U.S. Congress, the Japanese Diet, and the South Korean National Assembly. In 2016, the Japanese government awarded him the Order of the Rising Sun, Neck Ribbon with Gold Rays, the highest honor for academic leaders, in recognition of his work on this Exchange. From 1963 to 1965, Nau also served as a lieutenant in the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Nau's published books include, among others, Conservative Internationalism: Armed Diplomacy under Jefferson, Polk, Truman, and Reagan (Princeton University Press, 2013, and paperback with new preface, 2015); At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Cornell University Press, 2002); Trade and Security: U.S. Policies at Cross-Purposes (American Enterprise Institute, 1995); The Myth of America's Decline: Leading the World Economy into the 1990s (Oxford University Press, 1990); and National Politics and International Technology: Peaceful Nuclear Reactor Development in Western Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974). His most recent edited book is Worldviews of Aspiring Powers: Domestic Foreign Policy Debates in China, India, Iran, Japan, and Russia, coedited with Deepa M. Ollapally (Oxford University Press, 2012). Most recent articles and chapters in edited books include "Democratic Globalism," National Interest, November/December 2018; "Trump's Conservative Internationalism," National Review, August 2017; "America's International Nationalism," American Interest, January/February 2017; "The Difference Reagan Made," Claremont Review of Books, Winter 2016-2017; "How Restraint Leads to War: The Real Danger of the Iran Deal," Commentary (July/August, 2015); "Ideas Have Consequences: The Cold War and Today," International Politics 48 (July/September 2011): 460-81; "No Alternative to 'Isms,'" International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 2 (June 2011): 487-91; "The 'Great Expansion': The Economic Legacy of Ronald Reagan," in Reagan's Legacy in a Transformed World, edited by Jeffrey L. Chidester and Paul Kengor (Harvard University Press, 2015); "Scholarship and Policy-Making: Who Speaks Truth to Whom?," in The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, edited by Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal (Oxford University Press, 2008); and "Iraq and Previous Transatlantic Crises: Divided by Threat, Not Institutions or Values," in The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order, edited by Jeffrey Anderson, G. John Ikenberry, and Thomas Risse (Cornell University Press, 2008). For Nau's personal website, see www.henryrnau.com

Introduction: Why We Disagree about International Relations The Crisis in Syria The Roles of Perspectives, Levels of Analysis, and Causal Arrows The Role of History The Role of Methods Is One Perspective or Method Best? The Role of Judgment The Role of Ethics and Morality Summary Chapter 1: How to Think about International Relations: Perspectives, Levels of Analysis, and Causal Arrows The Attacks of September 11 Prisoner's Dilemma The Realist Perspective The Liberal Perspective The Identity Perspective Critical Theory Perspectives Levels of Analysis Causal Arrows PART I: Historical Patterns Chapter 2: World War I: World on Fire Europe in 1914 Realist Explanations Liberal Explanations Identity Explanations Critical Theory Explanations Summary Chapter 3: World War II: Why Did War Happen Again? Causes of Madness Liberal Accounts Realist Accounts Identity Matters Critical Theory Perspective Summary Chapter 4: The Origins and End of the Cold War The Long Telegram Snapshot of the Cold War Realist Explanations Identity Explanations Liberal Explanations Critical Theory Perspective Summary PART II: The Contemporary International System Chapter 5: Realist Perspectives on Today's World: Unipolarity, Rising Powers, and Ethnic Conflicts Unipolarity Multipolarity Asymmetric Warfare State Sovereignty, Decision-Making and Ethnic Conflicts Summary Chapter 6: Liberal Perspectives on Today's World: Collective Security, Multilateral Diplomacy, Interdependence, and International Institutions Collective Security Multilateral Diplomacy Interdependence International Institutions Regional Institutions Summary Chapter 7: Identity Perspectives on Today's World: Democracy, Religion, Nationalism, and Human Rights Democracy Religion Nationalism Human Rights Summary Part III: Globalization and Change Chapter 8: Realist and Liberal Perspectives on Globalization: Security, Domestic Economy, Trade, Investment, and Finance Snapshot of Globalization Security and Economics Domestic Economic Policies Trade Investment Finance Summary Chapter 9: Identity Perspectives on Globalization: Development and Environment Latin America Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa Environment Summary Chapter 10: Critical Theory Perspectives on Globalization: Inequality, Imperialism, and Injustice Colonialism and Imperialism Dependency World Systems Multinational Corporations and Exploitation of Labor Marginalized Minorities: Global Injustice Persisting Global Inequality Summary Conclusion: Applying Perspectives and Levels of Analysis: The Case of the Democratic Peace Evidence Explanations Summary