Cognitive Science - International Student Edition 4/e

Jay Friedenberg is Professor of the Psychology Department at Manhattan College, where he directs the Cognitive Science Program. He is interested in both vision and the philosophy of mind. He teaches courses in physiological psychology, cognition and learning, sensation and perception, and artificial intelligence and robotics. He has published several articles on visual estimation of center of mass. His current research projects focus on the aesthetics of geometrical shapes. He has published books on artificial intelligence, dynamical systems theory, and psychology. He is a member of the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, the Eastern Psychological Association, the Vision Science Society, the Psychonomic Society, and Phi Beta Kappa. He obtained his PhD in cognitive psychology in 1995 at the University of Virginia. Gordon Silverman is Professor Emeritus of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Manhattan College. His professional career spans more than 55 years of corporate, teaching, consulting, and research experience, during which he has developed a range of scientific instruments, particularly for use in physiological psychology research environments. He is the holder of eight patents, some related to behavior modification. The author of more than 20 journal articles and books, he has also served on the faculties of The Rockefeller University and Fairleigh Dickinson University. His current research interests include telemedicine, rehabilitation medicine, artificial intelligence, and biomedical instrumentation and modeling. He holds engineering degrees from Columbia University and received a PhD in system science from New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering in 1972. Michael Spivey is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, Merced. He earned his B.A. in Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and his Ph.D. in Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the University of Rochester. After 12 years as a psychology professor at Cornell University, Spivey moved to UC Merced to help build their Department of Cognitive and Information Sciences. He has published over 100 journal articles and book chapters on the embodiment of cognition, and interactions between language, vision, memory, syntax, semantics, and motor movement. His research uses eye-tracking, computer-mouse tracking, and dynamical systems theory to explore how brain, body, and environment work together to make a mind what it is. In 2010, Spivey received the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement from the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Honor Society.

Preface About the Authors CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Exploring Mental Space A Brave New World What Is Cognitive Science? Representation Computation The Interdisciplinary Perspective Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 1 CHAPTER 2. The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions What Is Philosophy? Chapter Overview The Mind-Body Problem: What Is Mind? Monism Dualism Functionalism: Are Minds Limited to Brains? The Knowledge Acquisition Problem: How Do We Acquire Knowledge? The Mystery of Consciousness: What Is Consciousness and How Does It Operate? Evaluating the Emergent View of Mind Overall Evaluation of the Philosophical Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 2 CHAPTER 3. The Psychological Approach: A Profusion of Theories What Is Psychology? Psychology and the Scientific Method Intelligence Tests Mental Atoms, Mental Molecules, and a Periodic Table of the Mind: The Voluntarist Movement Structuralism: What the Mind Is Functionalism: What the Mind Does The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mental Physics and the Gestalt Movement Mini Minds: Mechanism and Psychoanalytic Psychology Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach Overall Evaluation of the Psychological Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 3 CHAPTER 4. The Cognitive Approach I: Vision, Pattern Recognition, and Attention Some History First: The Rise of Cognitive Psychology The Cognitive Approach: Mind as an Information Processor Modularity of Mind Theories of Vision and Pattern Recognition: How Do We Recognize Objects? Theories of Attention: How Do We Pay Attention? Evaluating the Model-Building Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 4 CHAPTER 5. The Cognitive Approach II: Memory, Imagery, Concepts, and Problem Solving Types of Memory: How Do We Remember? Memory Models Concepts: How Do We Represent Our Knowledge of Concepts? Problem Solving: How Do We Solve Problems? Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 5 CHAPTER 6. The Neuroscience Approach: Mind as Brain The Neuroscience Perspective Methodology in Neuroscience The Small Picture: Neuron Anatomy and Physiology The Big Picture: Brain Anatomy The Neuroscience of Visual Object Recognition The Neuroscience of Attention The Neuroscience of Memory The Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem Solving Overall Evaluation of the Neuroscience Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 6 CHAPTER 7. The Network Approach: Mind as a Web The Network Perspective Artificial Neural Networks Characteristics of Artificial Neural Networks Early Conceptions of Neural Networks Backpropagation Evaluating the Connectionist Approach Semantic Networks: Meaning in the Web Network Science Overall Evaluation of the Network Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 7 CHAPTER 8. The Evolutionary Approach: Change Over Time The Evolutionary View A Little Background: Natural Selection and Genetics Comparative Cognition Evolutionary Psychology Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology Overall Evaluation of the Evolutionary Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 8 CHAPTER 9. The Linguistic Approach: Language and Cognitive Science The Linguistic Approach: The Importance of Language The Nature of Language Language Processing Language Acquisition Language Deprivation Language Use in Nonhuman Animals Neuroscience and Linguistics: The Wernicke-Geschwind Model Artificial Intelligence and Linguistics: Natural Language Processing Overall Evaluation of the Linguistic Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 9 CHAPTER 10. The Emotional Approach: Mind as Emotion Emotion and Cognitive Science What Is Emotion? Theories of Emotion Basic Emotions Emotions, Evolution, and Psychological Disorders Emotions and Neuroscience Hot and Cold: Emotion-Cognition Interactions Emotions and Artificial Intelligence: Affective Computing Overall Evaluation of the Emotional Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 10 CHAPTER 11. The Social Approach: Mind as Society Social Cognition Social Cognitive Neuroscience Topics in Social Cognitive Neuroscience Is Social Cognitive Neuroscience Special? Advantages of the Social Cognitive Neuroscience Approach Theory of Mind Other Social Cognitive Disorders Attitudes Impressions Attribution Stereotypes Prejudice Overall Evaluation of the Social Approach Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 11 CHAPTER 12. The Artificial Intelligence Approach I: The Computer as a Cognitive Entity Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence Defining AI Practical AI The Legacies of Turing and Zadeh Intelligent Agents That Think, Learn, and Make Decisions Fundamental Concepts of the IA Learning Experiences Artificial General Intelligence Reverse Engineering the Brain Assessment of AI and AGI Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 12 CHAPTER 13. The Artificial Intelligence Approach II: Embedded Intelligence and Robotics Mechanical Beginnings Embodied Cognitive Science Robotic Embodied Intelligence The Intelligent Agent Paradigm Evolutionary Embodiments: The Merger of Human Cognitive Behavior, Biology, and Intelligent Agents Robotic Embodiments Robotic Realizations Cooperating Intelligent Agents and Swarming Machine-Human Interactions Overall Evaluation of Embedded Intelligence Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 13 CHAPTER 14. The Embodied Ecological Approach: A Dynamic Future for Cognitive Science? Embodied and Extended Cognition Perceptual Symbol Systems and Motor Affordances Perceptual Simulations Dynamical Systems Theory Dynamical Representation Dynamical Versus Classical Cognitive Science Ecological and Extended Cognition Integrating Cognitive Science The Benefits of Cognitive Science The Future Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 14 Glossary References Index