Introductory Statistics Using R

Herschel Knapp, PhD, MSSW, has more than 30 years of experience as a health care professional in a variety of domains. In addition to his clinical work as a psychotherapist, primarily in hospital set tings, he has provided project management for innovative interventions designed to improve the quality of patient care via multisite, health science implementations. He teaches masters and doctoral courses at Yeshiva University; he has also taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, University of Southern California, California State University, Los Angeles, and California State, San Bernardino. Dr. Knapp has served as the lead statistician on a lon gitudinal cancer research project and managed the program evaluation metrics for a multisite, nonprofit childrens center. His clinical work includes emergency/trauma therapy in hospital settings. Dr. Knapp has developed and implemented innovative tele health systems, using videoconferencing technology to facilitate optimal health care service delivery to remote patients and to coordinate specialty consultations among health care providers, including interventions to diagnose and treat people with HIV and hepatitis, with special outreach to the homeless. He created and implemented a nurse research mentorship program, providing research and analytic education, enabling nurses to design, implement, analyze, and publish the results of their quality improvement projects. Dr. Knapp has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed health science journals and serves as a peer-reviewer for more than 20 science journals. He is also the author of other textbooks, including Intermediate Statistics Using SPSS (2018), Introductory Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed., 2017), Practical Statistics for Nursing Using SPSS (2017), Therapeutic Communication: Developing Professional Skills (2nd ed., 2014), and Introduction to Social Work Practice: A Practical Workbook (2010).

 Preface Acknowledgements About the Author Part I: Statistical Foundation Chapter 1: Research Principles Overview - Research Principles Rationale for Statistics Levels of Measure and Types of Variables Control and Treatment Groups Random Assignment Research Question and Hypothesis Formulation Asking and Answering Research Questions Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 2: Sampling Overview - Sampling Sampling Rationale Sampling Terminology Representative Sample Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Sampling Bias Optimal Sample Size Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 3: Getting Started In R Overview - R And Rstudio Setting Up Your RStudio Cloud Account R Syntax Guide Loading Packages Dataset Structure Codebook Uploading a Dataset to R Data File Types First Statistical Run Variable References Exporting Results Copying Graphs Shortcuts Clear the Console Window Doing Math in R Data Order Doesnt Matter Processing Your Own Data Logging Off Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Part II: Statistical Tests Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics Overview - Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics in Context Descriptive Statistics for Continuous and Categorical Variables Descriptive Statistics: Continuous Variables (Score) Descriptive Statistics: Categorical Variables (Hand) Managing Data Managing Plots Moving Forward Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 5: t Test and Welch Two Sample t Test Overview - t Test t Tests and Welch Two Sample t Tests in Context Example Type I and Type II Errors Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 6: ANOVA - Tukey Test and Wilcoxon Multiple Pairwise Comparisons Test Overview - ANOVA Test ANOVA Tests in Context Layered Learning Example Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 7: Paired t Test and Paired Wilcoxon Test Overview - Paired t Test Paired t Tests and Paired Wilcoxon Tests in Context Layered Learning Example Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 8: Correlation - Pearson Test and Spearman Test Overview - Pearson Test Correlation in Context More About Correlation Example Correlation Versus Causation Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Chapter 9: Chi-Square Overview - Chi-Square Test Chi-Square Tests in Context Example Good Common Sense Key Concepts Practice Exercises Glossary Index