Risk Balance and Security

Erin Gibbs Van Brunschot is an Associate Professor of Sociology and Associate Dean of Social Sciences at the University of Calgary, Canada. She received her BA and MA in Sociology from the University of Calgary, and her PhD from the University of Alberta. Her research focuses on the concept of risk as it primarily applies to criminal offending and victimization. Her current research projects include an examination of how past experiences with various types of hazards influence self-protective behavior and expectations for the future, and the means by which individual and institutional efforts to enhance security work together and/or at cross-purposes. She has published articles in such journals as the International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Alberta Journal of Educational Research, Women and Criminal Justice, British Journal of Criminology and has made major contributions in books such as Juvenile Delinquency by Creechan and Silverman; Crime in Canadian Society 6th edition by Silverman, Teevan, and Sacco; The Process and Structure of Crime by Meier, Kennedy, and Sacco; and the Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment by Levinson. Leslie W. Kennedy is currently University Professor at Rutgers University School of Criminal Justice (SCJ) and Director of the Rutgers Center on Public Security. He was the Dean of SCJ from 1998 to 2007. In his most recent research, he has focused on crime mapping and the development of risk terrain modeling for use by police in preventing crime. In addition to publishing numerous books on risk and crime, his research has appeared in Criminology, Justice Quarterly, American Journal of Public Health, and the Journal of Quantitative Criminology.

Preface Acknowledgments Chapter One: The Centrality of Security Security Matters Risk Positions Approaching Security Modelling Security Studying Security from Many Perspectives Conclusion Notes to Chapter 1 Chapter Two: Values and Choices in Constructing Security The Values of Security The Invention of Risk Society The Context of Risk Society Applying Risk Society to Risk Balance Culture and Messages About Security Judging Hazards, Threats, and Risks Experts Routines, Experts, and Trust Types of Resources Security From What? Security for Whom? Conclusion Notes to Chapter 2 Chapter Three: Crime and Security How Much Crime and How Can It Be Addressed Policing and Crime Risk Protecting the Public: Community Policing and Intelligence-Led Policing Who Polices Whom? Security Against Crime Profiling Offenders Profiling Victims Assessing Crime Information Profiling Routines, Spaces, and Places Preventing Crime? Crime Events and Risk Balance Conclusion Notes to Chapter 3 Chapter Four: Modern Terrorism Terrorism and Security Who Are the Terrorists and What Threat Do They Pose? Globalization Who "We" Are Intelligence: Information and Knowledge "We Have Some Planes..." Dealing With Vulnerability Identification of Vulnerability and Vulnerability-Producting Mechanisms Raising Awareness of Vulnerabiity Accurate Information Readiness and Response Conclusion Notes to Chapter 4 Chapter Five: Landscapes of Security: Health and the Environment The Physical Landscape: Health In Sickness and in Health Jurisdiction and Spillover Effects Brakes and Accelerators in the Local and Global Health Environments Terrorist Events as Health Events Summary The Physical Landscape: The Environment Defining Environmental Security Power and Knowledge The Blurry Boundaries Between Natural, Man-Made, and Other Disasters The Evolution of Disaster The Evolution of Hurricane Katrina The Mitigation Stage The Preparedness Stage The Response Stage The Recovery Stage The Complications of Hurricane Katrina Vulnerable Risk Positions Communication Breakdowns Failed Leadership Summary Conclusion Notes to Chapter 5 Chapter Six: The Stages of Risk Balance and Security Preparedness and Readiness Insurance Crisis Drills and Table Top Exercises: Imagining Dire Consequences Cross-Agency Cooperation Response First Responders and Victims Leadership in Response The Media and Response Coordination Recovery and Prevention Litigation Goverment Compensation Returning to Normal: Re-Establishing Routines Conclusion Notes to Chapter 6 Chapter Seven: Concluding Thoughts Becoming Secure: What Have We Learned? Establishing Security Practical Steps to Security Principle 1. Choise Principle 2. Decision-Making Principle 3. Cooperation Principle 4. Planning Principle 5. Institutional Learning Principle 6. Communication Concluding Thoughts Note to Chapter 7 References Suggested Readings Index About the Authors