Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences

Byron Kaldis, BA Honours (University of Kent), DPhil (University of Oxford), is Professor of Philosophy and Director of Studies in the School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He has previously held positions at universities in the United Kingdom, United States, and Greece and has recently been a visiting scholar in the departments of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Helsinki. He will be again a visiting scholar at Harvard University and Rutgers University. He has taught and published in the areas of the philosophy of social sciences, metaphysics and epistemology, history of philosophy and political thought, and the ethics of technoscience. He currently works on the relationship between philosophical issues in cognition and social ontology. He is the editor of a forthcoming edited volume: Mind and Society: Cognitive Science Meets the Social Sciences, to appear in the Synthese Library of Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, and co-editor of another forthcoming edited volume titled: Wealth, Commerce and Philosophy published by The University of Chicago Press. Byron Kaldis will be editor of a new academic book series in the philosophy of the social sciences and serves as member of the advisory board on the philosophy of sociality book series at Springer. In 2011, he launched together with colleagues the European Network for the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (ENPOSS).

A Priori and A Posteriori - Peter Murphy Abduction and Inference to the Best Explanation - Igor Douven Action, Philosophical Theory of - Constantine Sandis Actor Network Theory - Anders Blok Affective Intelligence in the Social Sciences - Joseph P. Forgas Agency - Alfred Mele Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation in the Social Sciences - Nigel Gilbert, David Anzola Agnotology, Ignorance, and Uncertainty - Michael Smithson Alienation - Lauren Langman, Devorah Kalekin-Fishman Allais Paradox - Lara Buchak Analytical Marxism - Ian Hunt Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms - Peter Hedstroem, Petri Ylikoski Analytic/Synthetic Distinction - Cory Juhl Androcentrism and the Philosophy of Science - Lynn Hankinson-Neslon Annales School - Georg Iggers Argumentation - Alban Bouvier Artificial Intelligence - Blay Whitby Austrian Economics - Peter Boettke Bargaining Theory - Hartmut Kliemt, Marlies Ahlert Bayesianism, Recent Uses of - Alan Hajek, John Cusbert Behavioralism in Political Science - John G. Gunnell Behaviorism, Philosophical Conception of - Pete Mandik Behaviorism in Psychological Explanation - Edward A. Wasserman Being-in-the-World - Taylor Carman Biology and the Social Sciences - Don Ross Capabilities - Nuno Martins Capitalism - Ann E. Cudd Causal Explanation, in Philosophy of Science - Ned Hall Causation, Philosophical Views of - Jon Williamson, Phyllis McKay Illari Causation in the Social Sciences - Daniel Steel Causes Versus Reasons in Action Explanation - Julia Tanney Chicago School (Economics) - Ross B. Emmett Classical Computationalism, Connectionism, and Computational Neuroscience - Gualtiero Piccinini Coalition Logic - Thomas Agotnes Cognitive Anthropology and Mental Architecture - David B. Kronenfeld Cognitive Archaeology - lambros Malafouris Cognitive Phenomenology - Shaun Gallagher Cognitive Sciences - Paul Thagard Collective Agents - Kirk Ludwig Collective Emotions - Mikko Salmela Collective Goals - Sara R. Chant Collective Identity and Cultural Trauma - Ron Eyerman Collective Intentionality - Deborah Perron Tollefsen Collective Memory - Lutz Kaelber Collective Moral Responsibility - Seumas Miller Collective Rationality - Paul Weirich Collective Values - Bryce Huebner, Marcus Hedahl Commitment - Hans Bernhard Schmid Common Goods - Seumas Miller Common Knowledge - Giacomo Sillari Common Sense (in the Social Sciences) - Alex Law Communication Studies - Pat Arneson Communicative Action Theory - William Outhwaite Complex Networks Theory and Social Phenomena - Sune Lehmann Complexity - Carlos Gershenson Complexity and the Social Sciences - David Byrne Concepts - Daniel A. Weiskopf Consciousness - David Rosenthal Contemporary French Philosophy and the Social Sciences - Alban Bouvier Context of Discovery Versus Context of Justification - Thomas Nickles Conventions, Logic of - John Latsis Cooperation, Cultural Evolution of - Peter J. Richerson, Vicken Hillis Cooperation/Coordination - Peter Boettke Cost-Benefit Analysis - Matthew D. Adler Covering-Law Model - Stuart Glennan Criminology, Epistemological Critique of - Roger Koppl, Evard James Cowan Critical Rationalism - Darrell P. Rowbottom Critical Realism in Economics - Paul Lewis Cultural Evolution - Liane Gabora Cultural Studies - David Walton Death and Immortality, Philosophical Perspectives - Steven Luper Death in the Social Sciences - Dennis L. Peck Debunking Social Science - Lee McIntyre Decision Theory - Martin Peterson Deduction - Marcello D'Agostino Deontic Logic and Agency - Jan Broersen Determinism - Lee McIntyre Developmental Psychology - Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Roberto Filippi Dialectic, in the History of Philosophy - Dmitri Nikulin Dialectic, in the Social Sciences - Terrell Carver Dialogical Logic - Shahid Rahman Disagreement - David Christensen Disciplinarity - Charles Turner Discourse Analysis - Teun A. van Dijk Distributed Cognition and Extended-Mind Theory - Robert D. Rupert Duhem-Quine Thesis and the Social Sciences - Thomas A. Boylan, Paschal O'Gorman Durkheim's Philosophy of Social Science - Warren Schmaus Econometrics: Methodological Issues - Marcel Boumans Economic Anthropology - Keith Hart Ecocnomic Sociology - Richard Swedberg Economics of Scientific Knowledge - Jesus P. Zamora-Bonilla Econophysics - Bikas K. Chakrabarti Ego - Edward Erwin Embodied Cognition - Mark Johnson Emergence - Paul Humphreys Emergence and Social Collectivism - R. Keith Sawyer Emotions - Aaron Ben-Ze'ev Emotions in Economic Behavior - Scott Rick Empathy - Joel Krueger Empiricism - Robert G. Meyers Encyclopedia - Olga Pombo Enlightenment, Critique of - Graeme Garrard Epistemic Approaches to Democracy - David Estlund Epistemology - John Turri Epistemology of Mass Collaboration - Don Fallis Equilibrium in Economics and Game Theory - Jose Luis Ferreira Essentialism - Matthew J. Barker Ethical Impact of Genetic Research - Bernard Gert, Arlene Davis Ethno-Epistemology - James Maffie Ethnography, Philosophical aspects of - Mark Risjord Ethnomethodology - Wes Sharrock Eugenics, Old and Neoliberal Theories of - Nicholas Agar Events - Byron Kaldis Evidence-Based Policy - Nancy Cartwright Evolutionary Ethics - Scott M. James Evolutionary Game Theory and Sociality - Ken Binmore Evolutionary Political Science - Rose McDermott Evolutionary Psychology - H. Clark Barrett Existential Phenomenology and the Social Sciences - Philip Buckley Existential Psychology - Bo Jacobsen Experiment, Philosophy of - Giora Hon Experimental Philosophy - Justi Sytsma, Edouard Machery Experimenting Society, The - William N. Dunn Experiments in Social Science - Francesco Guala Experimants in the Social Sciences: Ethical Issues - Murray Webster Explanation, Theories of - Mariam Thalos Explanation Versus Understanding - Fred Dallmayr Falsifiability - Darrell P. Rowbottom Feedback Mechanisms and Self-Regulatory Processes in the Social Sciences - George P. Richardson Feminism: Schools of Thought - Rosemarie Tong Feminist Critiques of Social Science Applications - Susan Hekman Feminist Economics - Diana Strassmann Feminist Epistemology - Lorraine Code Feyerabend, Critique of Rationality in Science - George Couvalis Folk Psychology - Kristin Andrews Formal Epistemology - Sebastian Sequoiah-Grayson Foucault's Thought - Clare O'Farrell Frankfurt School and Critical Social Theory - James Swindal Free Will, Philosophical Conceptions of - Derk Pereboom Free Will in the Social Sciences - Lee McIntyre Game-Theoretic Modeling - Mike Mesterton-Gibbons Genealogy - Arpad Szakolczai Genetic Indeterminism of Social Action - Barbara Prainsack, Kate Weiner Gestalt Psychology - William R. Woodward Given, Myth of the - Rebecca Kukla, Mark Lance Goal-Directedness - Cristiano Castelpfanchi Governmentality and Regime - Mitchell Dean Grounded Cognition and Social Interaction - Diane Pecher, Piotr Winkielman Group Beliefs - Kay Mathiesen Group Identity - Paul Sheehy Group Mind - Robert A. Wilson, Georg Theiner Habitus - Omar Lizardo Hayek and the "Use of Knowledge in Society" - Leslie Marsh Hegelianism and Contemporary Epistemology - Tom Rockmore Herder's Philosophy of History - John H. Zammito Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, and Meaning - Dermot Moran Heterodox Economics - Marc Lavoie Historicism - David West Hobbes's Philsophical Method: Nature-Man-Society - Sharon A. Lloyd Holism, in the Philosophy of Language - Ernest Lepore Holism, in the Social Sciences - Julie Zahle Homo Economicus - Hartmut Kliemt Human Geography, Social Science of - Stuart C. Aitken, Giorgio Hadi Curti Human Cultural Niche Construction and the Social Sciences - Kevin N. Laland Human-Machine Interaction - P. A. Hancock, G. M. Hancock Hypothetico-Deductivism - Ken Gemes Idealism - Espen Hammer Idealization in Social-Scientific Theories - Thomas A. Boylan, Paschal O'Gorman Identity, Personal (Philosophy of) - Marya Schechtman Identity, Social - Peter J. Burke Ideology - David McLellan Implicit Bias and Social Cognition - Daniel Kelly Individualism, Methodological - Lars Udehn Induction and Confirmation - Peter Milne Inferentialism - Willem A. deVries Information Ethics - Rafael Capurro Information Society - John Feather Institutional Economics - Geoffrey M. Hodgson Institutionalism and Institutional Theory - B. Guy Peters Institutions as Moral Persons - Peter A. French Instrumentalism of Scientific Theories and Constructive Empiricism - Paul Dicken Intelligence - James R. Flynn Intention, Social Psychology of - Peter M. Gollwitzer, Ana Gantman, Gabriele Oettingen Intentionality - Michelle Montague Interdisciplinarity - Robert Frodeman International Relations, Philosophical and Methodological Debates - Terry Nardin Intersubjectivity - Roger Frie Introspection (Philosophical Psychology) - Declan Smithies Invisible Hand Explanations - Eugene Heath Joint Attention and Social Cognition - Axel Seemann Judgment Aggregation and the Discursive Dilemma - Franz Dietrich Kinds: Natural Kinds Versus Human Kinds - Muhammad Ali Khalidi Knowing-How Versus Knowing-That - John Bengson Knowledge Society - Nico Stehr Kuhn and Social Science - K. Brad Wray Kuhn on Scientific Revolutions and Incommensurability - Paul Hoyningen-Huene, Simon Lohse Lakatos, Methodology of Scientific Research Programs - Robert Nola Language, the Philosophy of - Adam Sennet Language and Society - Wolfgang Teubert Language-Games and Forms of Life - Meredith Williams Law, Social Phenomenon of - Dan Priel Laws of Nature - Arnold Koslow Laws Versus Teleology - Richard F. Hassing Legal Epistemology - Michael Giudice Libertarianism, Metaphysical - Randolph Clarke Libertarianism, Political - Peter Vallentyne Life-World - Espen Hammer Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism - Thomas Nickles Love, in Social Theory - Ulrich Beck, Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim Love, Philosophy of - Aaron Ben-Ze'ev Luhmann's Social Theory - Chris Thornhill Lying - David Livingstone Smith Machiavelli's Art of Politics - Mikael Hoernqvist Machine Consciousness and Autonomous Agents - Steve Torrance, Robert Clowes Markets and Economic Theory - Geoffrey Brennan, Jonny Anomaly Marxism and Social/Historical Explanation - Terrell Carver Marxist Economics - David F. Ruccio Marxist Ethics - Bill Martin Mathematical Models, Use in the Social Sciences - Federica Russo Mechanism and Mechanical Explanation - Mario Bunge Mereology: Parts and Wholes - Peter Simons Metacognition and Agency - Janet Metcalfe Metaphor - Zoltan Koevecses Metaphysics and Science - Michael Esfeld Methodenstreit - Samuel Bostaph Microfoundationalism - Daniel Little Mill and the Moral Sciences - Margaret Schabas Mind-Body Relation - Brian McLaughlin Mirror Neurons and Motor Cognition in Action Explanation - Marco Iacoboni Modal Logic and Intentional Agency - Emiliano Lorini Models in Science - Steven French Models in Social Science - Federica Russo Modernity - Peter Wagner Modularity of the Mind - Philip Robbins Money - Nigel Dodd Montesquieu and the Rise of Social Science - David W. Carrithers Moral Cognitivism - Russ Shafer-Landau Multi-Agent Modelling - Ron Sun Multiculturalism - Tariq Modood Mutual Beliefs - Emiliano Lorini Narrative in Historical Explanation - Paul A. Roth Naturalism in Social Science - David K. Henderson Naturalized Epistemology - Paul A. Roth Naturwissenschaften Versus Geisteswissenschaften - Rudolf A. Makkreel Neo-Kantianism - Sebastian Luft Neo-Marxism - Mark Cowling Neural Hermeneutics - Chris Frith, Thomas Schwarz Wentzer Neurath's Unity of Science and the Encycopedia Project - Thomas Uebel Neuroeconomics - Kei Yoshida Neuroethics - Neil Levy Neuroscience and Politics - Rose McDermott Neo-Wittgensteinians - Alice Crary Newtonianism in Adam Smith's Social Science - Leonidas Montes Nihilism - Ken Gemes, Chris Sykes Nonconceptual Content - Walter Hopp Norbert Elias: Process of Civilization and Theory of Sciences - Florence Delmotte Normativism Versus Realism - David K. Henderson Normativity - Judith Jarvis Thomson Objectivity - Ilkka Niiniluoto Observation and Theory-Ladenness - Samuel Schindler Oppression - Ann E. Cudd Paradigms of Social Sciences - William Sharrock Pareto Optimality - Steve Ellis Path Dependence - Mark Peacock Performative Theory of Institutions - David Bloor Personal Identity and Trauma - Susan J. Brison Pessimistic Induction - Sherrilyn Roush Phenomenological Schools of Psychology - Frederick J. Wertz, Miraj U. Desai Philosophes, The - Graeme Garrard Philosophical Psychology, History of - John D. Greenwood Philosophy of Economics, History of - Julian Reiss Philosophy of Expertise - Evan Selinger, Kyle Whyte Philosophy of History - Daniel Little Philosophy of Politics, History of - Melissa Lane Philosophy of Sociology, History of - Stephen Turner Plural Subjects - Alban Bouvier Policy Applications of the Social Sciences - William N. Dunn Political Psychology - Kristin Renwick Monroe, Bridgette Portman Popper's Philosophy of Science - Ian Jarvie Positivism, History of - Robert Scharff Postcolonial Studies - Bill David Ashcroft Postindustrial Society - Richard Badham Postmodernism - David R. Dickens Power - Steven Lukes Pragmatism - Nicholas Rescher Pragmatism and the Social Sciences - Patrick Baert Preference - Till Gruene-Yanoff Prejudice and Stereotyping - John F. Dovidio Primatology and Social Science Applications - Charles T. Snowdon Probability - Ned Hall Promises and Agreements - Michael Pratt Prophesy, Self-Fulfilling/Self-Defeating - Michael Biggs Pseudosciences - Massimo Pigliucci Psychoanalysis, Philosophical Issues in - Jim Hopkins Public Goods - Joseph Mazor Public Reason and Justification - Eric MacGilvray Race, Theories of - Charles W. Mills Racial Critiques of Social Science Applications - Michael Root Rational Choice and Political Science - Keith Dowding Rational Expectations - Edward McClennen Rationality and Social Explanation - Steve Ellis Realism and Anti-Realism in the Social Sciences - Peter T. Manicas Reduction and the Unity of Science - David Spurrett Reductionism in the Social Sciences - Harold Kincaid Reflective Equilibrium - Tom Beauchamp Reflexivity - Tim May Reification - Anita Chari Relativism and the Social Sciences (From the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis to Peter Winch) - Phil Hutchinson Relativism in Scientific Theories - Noretta Koertge Relativisms and Their Ontologies - Michael Krausz Reputation, in Social Science - Gloria Origgi Retrodiction and Epistemology of Future Studies - Paul Dragos Aligica Risk - Jakob Arnoldi Rule Following - Martin Kusch Scheler's Social Person - Stephen F. Schneck Schizophrenia: Psychoanalytic, Phenomenological, and Contemporary Philosophical Approaches - Louis Sass Science and Ideology - Michael E. Lynch Scientific Method - Robert Nola Scottish Enlightenment: Influence on the Social Sciences - Eugene Heath Searle and the Construction of Social Reality - Jennifer Hudin Self and Essential Indexicality - Maximilian de Gaynesford Self and the Social Sciences - Stanley B. Klein Self-Determination and Self-Ownership - Eric Mack Self-Knowledge - Stephen Hetherington Semantics and Pragmatics - Yan Huang Sen's Paretian Liberal - Hartmut Kliemt Serendipity - Robert Alan Stebbins Sexuality - Jeffrey Weeks Simmel's Philosophy of Society - Efraim Podoksik Simulation Theory - Robert M. Gordon Situated Action - Stephen M. Fiore Situated Cognition - Philip Robbins Situational Analysis - Adele E. Clarke, Carrie Friese, Rachel Washburn Situational Logic - Ian Jarvie Social Anthropology - Mark Risjord Social Anti-Individualism and the Mental - Sarah Sawyer Social Capital - Sokratis Koniordos Social Choice Theory - Wulf Gaertner Social Cognition - Stanley B. Klein Social Construction of Reality - George Psathas Social Constructivism - Finn Collin Social Contract Theories - Edward McClennen Social Conventions - Luca Tummolini Social Epistemology - Steve Fuller Social Facts - John D. Greenwood Social Institutions - Frank Hindriks Social Interactions: Individual Decision and Group Formation - Yannis M. Ioannides Social Networks - Sokratis Koniordos Social Neuroscience - John T. Cacioppo, Aaron B. Ball, Greg J. Norman, Louise C. Hawkley, Gary G. Berntson Social Norms - Risto Hilpinen Social Objects Versus Technical Objects - Clive Lawson Social Ontology, Recent Theories of - Frederick F. Schmitt Social Perception - Alex Tillas Social Practices - Theodore R. Schatzki Social Rules - Margaret Gilbert, Maura Priest Social Studies of Science and Technology - Steven Yearley Sociobiology - Michael Ruse Sociolinguistics - Ronald Macaulay Sociology of Knowledge and Science - David Bloor Solidarity - Arto Laitinen Space, Philosophical Theories of - Robert Rynasiewicz Space, Social Theories of - Andrzej J. L. Zieleniec Speech Acts - Mitchell Green Spontaneous Order - Eugene Heath Straussian Critique of Social Science - David Lewis Schaefer Strong Program in the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge - David Bloor Structural Functionalism, in Social Theory - Garry Potter Structuralism and Poststructuralism - Garry Potter Supervenience - Oron Shagrir, Vera Hoffmann-Kolss Symbolic Interactionism - Robert Dingwall Symbolism - Elzbieta Halas Systems Theory - Debora Hammond Tacit Knowledge - Stephen Turner Team Reasoning - Natalie Gold Technological Convergence - Armin Grunwald Technoscience and Society - Rapahel Sassower Teleosemantics - Ruth G. Millikan Theory of Teams - Natalie Gold Theory Theory - Heidi Maibom Therapy, Psychological and Philosophical Issues - Edward Erwin Thought Experiments - Soeren Haeggqvist Time, Philosophical Theories of - Simon Prosser Time, Social Theories of - Michael G. Flaherty Transcendental Arguments - Sami Pihlstroem Transcendental Pragmatics - Eduardo Mendieta Transhumanism and Human Enhancement - James Hughes Trust, Epistemic - Gloria Origgi Trust, Social - Maj Tuomela Truth, Philosophical Theories of - Pascal Engel Unconscious - David Livingstone Smith Unconscious Social Behaviour - John F. Kihlstrom Utopianism - Wayne Hudson Value Neutrality in Science - Hugh Lacey Verificationism - Cheryl Misak Vico's Scienza Nova - Donald Phillip Verene Virtual Environments and Social Interaction - Ralph Schroeder Virtue Epistemology - John Turri, Ernest Sosa Weber and Social Science: Methodological Precepts - Sven Eliaeson Weber's Verstehende Approach - Martin Albrow Welfare Economics - Laurent Dobuzinskis We-Mode, Tuomela's Theory of - Matti Heinonen World-Systems Analysis - Barry K. Gills, Robert A. Denemark

"...Because of the unique interdisciplinary nature of the work, its scope ranges from the minute to the monumental, with a number of perennial topics...covered in an aggregate of shorter entries from a variety of perspectives....The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences contains a wealth of information that intellectualizes a new paradigm for our understanding of the relationship between the two subjects. Although directed mainly at an upper-graduate academic audience, this is a remarkable work of scholarship that is a must-have for academic libraries supporting interdisciplinary programs." -- Brian Odom "...Although book-length treatments and collections of essays on this subject are available, this is the first encyclopedic work on this subject. The entries are clearly written, informative, and instructive. In most cases they explain the significance of a particular philosophy term to the social sciences, a feature that distinguishes this work from a general encyclopedia of philosophy....Summing Up: Recommended." -- M.Meola * CHOICE * "This is a 'Back to the Future' volume which undoes the damage that the arts/science divide has done to social science. The carefully crafted entries of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences edited by Byron Kaldis reveal the philosophical rigor that any study of the human social world requires. Social scientists who struggle with 'concepts' and 'methods', 'ontologies' and 'epistemologies', will find, at last, a reliable and comprehensive source of enlightenment." -- Terrell Carver "This is a first rate resource for philosophers, social scientists, and science scholars. Thorough in its topics, with articles written by prominent scholars in engaging and accessible terms, it should be a must for those interested in the history and philosophy of social science, and the social sciences." -- Lynn Hankinson Nelson "The Encyclopedia underlines interdisciplinary connections between the humanities and the scientific study of the social world, for the first time providing readers coming from different disciplinary backgrounds a vista from which to survey novel aspects of the relationships between the humanities and the social sciences." -- SirReadaLot * SirReadaLot * The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences edited by Byron Kaldis, provides a unique, needed, and invaluable resource for researchers at every level. Unique because nothing else offers the breadth of coverage found in this work; needed because it permits researchers to find longer but also relatively brief, clear, but nonetheless expert articles introducing important topics; and invaluable because of the guidance offered to both related topics and further study. It should be the place that any interested person looks first when seeking to learn about philosophy and the social sciences. -- Paul Roth The Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences edited by Byron Kaldis covers an enormous range of topics in philosophy and the social sciences and the entries are compact overviews of the essential issues. -- Harold Kincaid This Encyclopedia, magnificently edited by Byron Kaldis, will become a valuable source both of reference and inspiration for all those who are interested in the interrelation between philosophy and the many facets of the social sciences. A must read for every student of the humanities. -- Wulf Gaertner Byron Kaldis' Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is a triumph. The entries are consistently good, the coverage is amazing, and he has managed to involve the whole scholarly community in this field. It shows off the field very well, and will be a magnificent resource for students and others. -- Stephen Turner Like all good works of reference this Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is not to be treated passively: it provides clear and sometimes controversial material for constructive confrontation. It is a rich resource for critical engagement. The Encyclopedia conceived and edited by Byron Kaldis is a work of impressive scope and I am delighted to have it on my bookshelf. -- David Bloor "This splendid and possibly unique work steers a skilful course between narrower conceptions of philosophy and the social sciences. It will be an invaluable resource for students and researchers in either or both fields, and to anyone working on the interrelations between them. -- William Outwaithe A work of vast scope and widely gathered expertise, the Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences is a splendid resource for anyone interested in the interface between philosophy and the social sciences. -- Nicholas Rescher