Preface: A Personal Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Health and Behavior: A Systems Perspective Illness versus Disease The Concept of Diathesis Diathesis-Stress Models Explain Interaction Between Biological and Psychological Predispositions and the Emergence of Illness Health and Illness Occur in Complex Systems Von Bertalanffy's Systems Perspective Brofenbrenner's Ecosystems The Biopsychosocial Model Examples of Health and Illness and Levels of Complex Systems Individual Level DNA Communication Between Organ Systems: The Brain-Gut Connection Psychopathology and Health: The Rise and Fall of Psychosomatic Medicine Interpersonal Systems: Couples and Families The MesoSystem-Cultural Values and Religion Macrosystems Communities Changes in National Politics and Economics Beyond Macrosystems: Our Flat World-International Borders Dissolve Putting It Together: Ms. Ramirez Summary and the Way Forward Chapter 2. Research in Health and Behavior: Epidemiology and Beyond Epidemiology: An Overview Food-Borne Illness: Two Examples Example: Sexually Transmitted Disease Epidemiology: Key Concepts and Terminology Risk Factors and the Diathesis-Stress Model Practical vs. Statistical Significance: Prevalance, Base Rates, and Health Screening Tests Neurocognitive Disorders of Alzheimer's Type Screening for Breast Cancer HIV Self-Testing Autism Spectrum Disorder Epidemiology: Types of Investigatory Designs Case Reports Cross-Sectional Studies Case-Control Studies The "Radium Girls" Thalidomide Mesothelioma and Asbestos Cohort Study The Framingham Heart Study Cancer and Nutrition: The EPIC Cohort Qualitative Research Social Epidemiology Causality and the Bradford Hill Criteria Evidence-Based Health Care Organizing Published Research to Guide Clinical Decision-Making Issues and Cautions in Applying EBM Findings Evidence-Based Interventions in Larger Systems Conclusion Chapter 3. The Health Care System: History and Current Dilemmas A History of Medical Care Hippocrates and Galen Medieval Period Through the Late 1600s Hospital Medicine Vaccines Germ Theory and the Continued Development of Vaccines Surgery Becomes Safer Educating Physicians The Development of Medicine as a Profession The Growth of Scientific Medicine Imaging Techniques Medical Devices to Supplant Physiological Functions Organ Transplantation Medications The Consumer Movement and Challenges to the Health Care Professions Health Insurance and Health Care Federal Health Insurance: Medicare and Medicaid Medicare Medicaid S-CHIP The Uninsured The Emergency Treatment and Active Labor Act Health Care Reform: The Background of the Affordable Care Act The Affordable Care Act Problems with the Affordable Care Act The U.S. Health Care System: International Comparisons Switzerland Great Britain Canada International Health Care: Differences in Underlying Values Conclusion Chapter 4. Diversity and Disparities in Health and Medical Care Disparities: An Overview Economic Disparity Educational Disparities and Health Gender Gender in Developed Countries Gender in Developing Countries Sexual Orientation Mental Health Interactions with the Health Care System Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth and Adults Disparities by Race/Ethnicity: The Evidence Pregnancy and Infancy Childhood Health Conditions Medical Conditions Disproportionately Impacting Minorities Differences in Health Conditions Among Adults Discrimination Towards African-American Patients Risk Factors and Disease Complications Patterns and Quality of Care Physician-Patient Interaction Mortality Linguistic Diversity The Role of Cultural and Historical Factors in Health, Illness, and Treatment American Medicine as Culture A Brief History of Health Care for African-Americans in the United States Hispanic and Latino Culture and Health Care Asian Culture: Views of Health and Treatment of Illness Conclusion Chapter 5. Health Communication and Behavior Change Brief Overview of Health Communication and Behavior Change Health Beliefs Model Susceptibility Severity Benefits Barriers Cues to Action Self-Efficacy Analysis of the Health Beliefs Model Does Fear Change Health Behavior? Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior Behavioral Intention Attitudes Subjective Norms Perceived Control Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior: Analysis and Research Social Cognitive Model Example of Applied Modeling: Telenovelas Social Marketing Diffusion of Innovation Individually Focused Models of Behavior Change Transtheoretical Model Relapse Prevention Relapse Risk Factors Abstinence Violation Effect Problems with the Abstinence Standard Relapse Prevention Strategies Motivational Interviewing Philosophy of Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing: Specific Skills Harm Reduction Cyber Media and Health Behavior Change Conclusion Chapter 6. In the Clinic: Communication, Adherence, and Symptoms without Disease What is Primary Care ? The Importance of the Clinical Interview Overview of the Medical Office Encounter The Difference between Good- and Poor-Quality Physician-Patient Interaction Electronic Medical Records: Benefits and Drawbacks Values of Patients and Health Care Providers Communicating Medical Mistakes Medically Unexplained Symptoms The Psychiatric Approach to Medically Unexplained Symptoms Malingering Factitious Disorder Conversion Disorder Illness Anxiety Disorder Somatic Symptom Disorder Medically Unexplained Symptoms in the Primary Care Office Cultural Issues The Medicalization of Society Adherence An Overview of the Problem of Non-Adherence Patient Factors Health Care Professionals' Communication Style and Patient Adherence Physician Social Power and Adherence Timing and Modality Does Fear Increase Adherence Characteristics of the Illness and Treatment Social Support Interventions for Increasing Adherence Mobile "Apps" for Adherence Adherence as the Result of a Complex Biopsychosocial Decision The Macro System's Role in Adherence A Vaccination Program Arouses Suspicion Making Health a Requirement for Employment Economic Causes of Non-Adherence Conclusion Chapter 7. Stress and Coping What is Stress ? Walter Cannon and the Fight-or-Flight Response Hans Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome Allostatic Load Psychoneuroimmunology Tend and Befriend Transactional Model Assessing Stress Perceived Stress Scale Social Readjustment Rating Scale Hassles and Uplifts Mediators and Moderators of Stress Characteristics of the Stressor Emotional State Coping Styles History of Exposure to Stressors Personality Traits Does Stress Cause Physical Illness ? Cardiovascular Disease, The Type A Personality, and Depression Cardiovascular Disease and Anxiety and Depression Hypertension Cancer The Macro System Environmental Factors Couples and Relationship Conflict Workplace Community Social and Economic Costs of Early Traumatic Experience Diversity Gender Stress Across Cultures Specific Strategies for Stress Reduction Progressive Relaxation Autogenic Training Biofeedback Meditation Transcendental Meditation Benson's Relaxation Response Mindfulness Meditation Cognitive Intervention Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Journaling: Writing to Manage Stress Positive Psychology Background Positive Psychology Interventions Conclusion Chapter 8. Chronic Pain as a Psychosocial Condition: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Pain Defined When does Pain Become Chronic ? Chronic Pain-A Brief History Common Pain-Related Disorders Fibromyalgia Low Back Pain Headache Cancer Explanations of Chronic Pain Operant Model Cognitive Perspectives Gate Control Model Neuromatrix Model Pain as a Social Metaphor Pain and the Workplace Cross-Cultural Aspects of Pain The Macro System: The Politics of Chronic Pain and its Treatment Pain, the Work Ethic, and the Politics of Disability The Politics of Gate Control Theory Intractable Pain and Physician-Assisted Suicide Pain as a Fifth Vital Sign and the Rise of Opiates Assessment of Pain Rating Scales Pain Diary The Clinical Interview for Pain Chronic Pain: Treatment Approaches Surgery Implantable Spinal Stimulators Medications Trans-Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Acupuncture Physical Therapy Behavioral and Psychological Approaches Behavioral Approaches to Treatment Progressive Relaxation Training Biofeedback Hypnosis Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Third Wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Multidisciplinary Pain Programs Conclusion Chapter 9. Smoking and Smoking Cessation Health Risks of Smoking and Tobacco Use History of Cigarette Smoking Demographics of Smoking Smoking Initiation Mental Health Conditions and Smoking The Macro-System: Public Health, The Tobacco Industry, and Tobacco Control Policies Tobacco Taxes and Related Legislation Public Education Smoking Ban The Tobacco Industry Mental Illness and Tobacco Use Ethnicity, Culture, and Smoking Smoking Cessation-Common Issues Background for Smoking Cessation Assessment Nicotine Withdrawal Interventions Pharmacotherapy Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies Stages and Successful Smoking Cessation Strategies Preparation Action Vaping and e-Cigarettes Conclusion Chapter 10. Obesity, Exercise, and Eating Disorders Obesity's Role in Health and Illness Risk Factors for Being Overweight Body Weight, Stereotypes, and Discrimination Weight Loss Interventions Low Calorie Diets Behavioral and Cognitive Behavioral Approaches Weight Loss Medication Bariatric Surgery The Macro System Cultural Factors in Food Consumption: The French Paradox The Food Industry Policies for Increasing Nutritional Awareness Sugar Taxes Marketing and Economic Factors Exercise A Brief Historical Perspective Exercise and Mental Health Exercise and Cognitive Functioning Developmental Benefits of Exercise for Prevention of Mental Health Conditions Macro Systems and Physical Activity Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Physical and Medical Effects Comorbid Conditions Course over Time Causes Treatment Bulimia Nervosa Psychological and Physical Effects Comorbid Conditions Course over Time Causes Treatment Binge Eating Disorder Eating Disorders: Immediate Social and Macro System Influences Family and Social Factors Mass Media Cross Cultural Studies of Eating Disorders Eating Disordered Culture Conclusion Chapter 11. Sleep and Sleep Disorders Why do we Sleep ? The Stages of Sleep Non-REM Stages Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 REM Sleep Circadian Rhythm Sleep Through the Lifespan Reasons for Disrupted Sleep The Macro System: Diversity and Sleep Culture Gender Ethnicity The Cross-Cultural Significance of Sleep Paralysis Sleep Disorders Insomnia Definition and Prevalence Health Conditions Associated with Insomnia Medications Causing Insomnia Psychological Causes of Insomnia Insomnia Treatment Obstructive Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Restless Legs Syndrome Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Hypersomnia Childhood Sleep Disorders Bedtime Refusal Sleep (Night) Terrors Nightmare Disorder Somnambulism (Sleep Walking) Conclusion Chapter 12. Psychosexual Disorders The Sexual Response Cycle Erectile Dysfunction Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder Problems with Ejaculation Premature (Early) Ejaculation Delayed Ejaculation Female Orgasmic Disorder Genito-Pelvic Pain Penetration Disorder Cross-Cultural Issues in Sexuality Conclusion Chapter 13. The Future Direction of Health and Health Care The Interface of Physical and Mental Health Collaborative and Integrated Care Increased Attention to the Psychosocial in Medical Care Psychosocial "Vital Signs" Brief Models of Counseling for Busy Physicians Professionalism and Patient Centered Care Health Care Navigators Internationalization: The Flat Word Continues to Flatten The Aging Population and the Maximization of Life Conclusion References Index
