Evidence-Based Practice in Exercise Science

William E. Amonette, PhD, is an assistant professor and director of the exercise and health sciences program in the Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences at the University of Houston - Clear Lake. Prior to becoming an academician, Amonette served as an assistant strength and conditioning coach for the Chinese national basketball team at the Beijing Olympic Training Center. He was also previously the assistant strength and conditioning coach and rehabilitation coordinator for the NBA's Houston Rockets, an astronaut strength, conditioning, and rehabilitation specialist, an exercise physiologist, and an integrated testing specialist for the Countermeasures Evaluation and Validation Project for Wyle Laboratories at NASA-Johnson Space Center. Amonette earned his PhD at the University of Texas Medical Branch in rehabilitation sciences, with a research emphasis in clinical exercise physiology. He is a certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS) though the National Strength and Conditioning Association, an Associate Editor for the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, and ad hoc peer-reviewer for many scientific journals related to exercise and sport science. Amonette's research interests include physiological and mechanical predictors of sports performance and injury. He also has clinical research interest in neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to exercise in patients with traumatic brain injuries and the effect of novel exercise interventions on rehabilitation outcomes in people with disabilities. He has published numerous scientific and academic peer-reviewed journal articles, reports, and book chapters and has presented his work nationally and internationally. Kirk L. English, PhD, is a senior scientist with JES Tech LLC, a NASA contractor, and works in the Exercise Physiology and Countermeasures Laboratory at NASA - Johnson Space Center. He is also a research scientist in the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) and an adjunct professor at the University of Houston - Clear Lake, where he teaches a graduate course. English, who is a member of the National Strength and Conditioning Association, American College of Sports Medicine, and American Physiological Society, received his PhD in rehabilitation sciences from UTMB. During his graduate studies, he was awarded a competitive three-year NASA/Texas Space Grant Consortium Graduate Fellowship. English has published numerous peer-reviewed articles, technical reports, conference abstracts, and book chapters on exercise, nutrition, aging, spaceflight, and evidence-based practice in the field of exercise science. In his work with NASA, English's research focuses on the prevention of spaceflight-induced decreases in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and performance. His work includes the development and validation of novel exercise protocols and hardware that are used both on the ground and during spaceflight. He also conducts all pre- and post-flight strength testing of American, European, Canadian, and Japanese International Space Station crewmembers and serves as the liaison and subject matter expert on this topic to NASA's international partners. William J. Kraemer, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Human Sciences at The Ohio State University. He has also held fuull professorships at the University of Connecticut, Ball State University, and The Pennsylvania State University, including each medical school. Dr. Kraemer is a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine, the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA), and the American College of Nutrition. Among many of his professional achievements, he is a recipient of the NSCA's Lifetime Achievement Award. He is editor in chief of the NSCA's Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, an editor of the European Journal of Applied Physiology, and an associate editor of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition. He holds many other editorial board positions in the field. Kraemer has published more than 450 peer-reviewed papers in scientific literature and has published 12 books. He received the 2014 Expertscape Award, which named him the nation's top expert in resistance training research over the past ten years. With almost 40,000 citations on Harzing's Publish or Perish lists, his scholarly impact is impressive.

Part I: Overview and Historical Background of Evidence-Based Practice Chapter 1. The Need for Evidence-Based Practice in Exercise Science Evidence-Based Practice in Action Defining Evidence-Based Practice Applying Evidence-Based Practice in Exercise Science Team Approach to Evidence-Based Practice Becoming an Evidence-Based Practitioner Conclusion Chapter 2. The Process of Evidence-Based Practice The Importance of Evidence in Exercise Science Applying the Five Steps of Evidence-Based Practice The Case for Evidence-Based Practice Criticisms of Evidence-Based Practice Conclusion Chapter 3. Philosophy, Science, and Evidence-Based Practice Epistemology Epistemology of Modern Science The Paradigm of Evidence-Based Practice Conclusions Chapter 4. Sources of Evidence Sources of Knowledge Types of Evidence Conclusion Chapter 5. Reading and Interpreting Research Evidence Consumers of Research What is Research? Components of a Research Paper Steps to Critically Reading Research Conclusion Part II: The Six Steps of Evidence-Based Practice Chapter 6. Developing a Question Question Development Areas Types of Questions Components of a Foreground Question Conclusion Chapter 7. Searching for Evidence Searching for Preliminary Information Finding Peer-Reviewed Sources Searching a Research Database Conducting a Secondary Search From Reference Lists Conclusion Chapter 8. Evaluating the Evidence Why is it Important to Rank the Evidence? Critically Appraising the Literature Levels of Evidence Conclusion Chapter 9. Incorporating Evidence into Practice Translating Research Into Practice Deciding When to Act on Evidence The Influence of Evidence Implementing Research-Based Evidence Conclusion Chapter 10. Confirming the Evidence in the Individual Generalizability of Research n-of-1 as a Model for Confirming the Evidence Confirming the Evidence in the Individual in Exercise Science Basic Principles in Testing and Measurement Deciding to Continue or Discontinue an Intervention Collaboration in Evidence-Based Practice Conclusion Chapter 11. Reevaluating the Evidence Prompts to Reevaluate Techniques to Stay Current Conclusion Part III: Case Studies in Evidence-Based Practice Chapter 12. Exercise Prescription Case Study 1: Strength Training and Cycling Case Study 2: Static Stretching and Soccer Case Study 3: ACL Injury Prevention in Female Athletes Case Study 4: Single Versus Multiple Sets for Strength Improvement Case Study 5: Models of Periodization Conclusion Chapter 13. Exercise for Special Populations Case Study 1: Resistance Exercise and Functional Outcomes in Those Who Are Elderly Case Study 2: Exercise and Cancer Cachexia Case Study 3: Exercise and Traumatic Brain Injury Conclusion Chapter 14. Nutrition and Supplementation Case Study 1: Creatine Monohydrate and Cycling Case Study 2: Caffeine, Coffee, and Performance Enhancement Case Study 3: Protein Intake for Endurance Athletes Case Study 4: HMB and Strength-Power Athletes Conclusion Chapter 15. Exercise Devices, Equipment, and Apparel Case Study 1: Chains Case Study 2: Vibration and Muscle Strength and Power Case Study 3: Instability Training and Muscle Strength Case Study 4: Minimalist or Barefoot Running and Running Economy Conclusion Part IV: Integrating Evidence-Based Practice into Exercise Science Chapter 16. Disseminating and Sharing Knowledge Local Discussion and Networking Conferences Formal and Informal Publications Conclusion Chapter 17. The Future of Evidence-based Practice in Exercise Science Ability, Judgment, and Evidence Review of the Rationale for Evidence-Based Practice The Future of Exercise and Science Spreading the Evidence-Based Practice Philosophy Working With Scientists Becoming an Evidence-Based Practitioner Conclusion