Sedentary Behavior and Health

Weimo Zhu, PhD, is currently a tenured full professor in the department of kinesiology and community health at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His major area of research is in kinesmetrics (i.e., measurement and evaluation in kinesiology). Dr. Zhu's primary research interests are the study and application of new measurement theories (e.g., item response theory) and models to the field of kinesiology. His research works have earned him international recognition. He is the editor in chief of the Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport and a fellow of the American Academy of Kinesiology, American College of Sports Medicine, and Research Consortium of SHAPE America. He is a member of the Fitnessgram/Activitygram Advisory Committee. He is also a member of the editorial board for various academic journals and serves on the executive committees of several national and international professional organizations. Dr. Zhu was the chair of the Measurement and Evaluation Council of SHAPE America. Currently, Dr. Zhu is examining the application of advanced measurement and statistical techniques to several measurement issues in public health. A practical application of Zhu's theoretical work has been in the assessment of physical activity and sedentary behavior, and he is exploring a new idea and technologies to solve the problems raised. Neville Owen, PhD, is head of the Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory at the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) senior principal research fellow, adjunct professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Queensland, honorary professorial fellow in the School of Population and Global Health at the University of Melbourne, and adjunct professor in medicine at Monash University. He was foundation professor of Human Movement Science and inaugural head of the School of Human Movement at Deakin University (1995-99) and director of the Cancer Prevention Research Centre at the University of Queensland (2002-11). His research deals with the prevention and management of diabetes, heart disease, and cancer through identifying health consequences, environmental determinants, and behavior-change strategies for physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. Owen has published more than 450 peer-reviewed papers and the book Physical Activity and Behavioral Medicine with James F Sallis. Thomson Reuters (2015) identified him as a highly cited researcher and among the world's most influential minds in the social sciences. He has been supported by grants from the NHMRC since 1992, including two grants for five-year programs (Physical Activity and Public Health; Sitting Less and Moving More: Population Health Research to Understand and Influence Sedentary Behaviour) and a grant from Centres of Research Excellence (Sitting Time and Chronic Disease Prevention: Measurement, Mechanisms and Interventions).

Part I. Sedentary Behavior Concepts and Context Chapter 1. Emergence of Research on Sedentary Behavior and Health Neville Owen Contemporary Sedentary Behavior Research and Concepts Sedentary Behavior and Health Sedentary Research Agenda Sedentary Behavior Research Priorities Summary Chapter 2. Gravity, Sitting, and Health Joan Vernikos Gravity and Spaceflight Head Down Bed Rest Studies Gravity Deprivation Syndrome Health Consequences of Prolonged Sitting and Gravity Perceiving Gravity Gravity Intervention Design and Implementation Summary Chapter 3. Physiological Effects of Reducing and Breaking Up Sitting Time David W. Dunstan, Bethany J. Howard, Audrey Bergouignan, Bronwyn A. Kingwell, and Neville Owen Methodological Considerations for Studies of Sedentary Behavior Metabolic Effects of Reduced Sitting and the Postprandial State Cardio Metabolic Effects Following Exposure to Reduced Sitting Cardiometabolic Effects of Repeated-Day Exposure to Reduced Sitting Public Health and Clinical Guidelines Summary Chapter 4. Rethinking the Chair and Sitting Galen Cranz Problems with Sitting in Chairs Chair Designer Response Postural Education Summary Chapter 5. Children and Screen Time Jorge A. Banda and Thomas N. Robinson Screen Time Exposure Mobile Devices and Screen Time Changes Influences on Media Use Screen Time and Body Weight Screen Time and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Screen Time, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Screen Time and Dietary Habits Experimental Studies of Reducing Screen Time Summary Part II. Sedentary Behavior and Health Chapter 6. Economics of Sedentary Occupations Kenneth A. Glover Economic Sectors Economics of Inactivity Worksite Health Promotion Regulation and Innovation Choice Architecture Summary Chapter 7. Sedentary Behavior and Obesity Michael L. Power Role of Fat Adipose Tissue and Endocrine Function Mismatch Paradigm Obesity and Inflammation Central Versus Peripheral Obesity Sex Differences in Fat Storage and Mobilization Vitamin D, Adipose Tissue, and Sedentary Behavior Obesity Prevalence Summary Chapter 8. Sedentary Behavior and Incident Diabetes Carl J. Caspersen and G. Darlene Thomas Diabetes Statistics Key Risk Factors Epidemiological Diabetes Research Research Limitations Six Criteria to Assess a Causal Inference for Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes Summary Chapter 9. Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease Edward Archer, Enrique G. Artero, and Steven N. Blair Cardiovascular Diseases Occupational Physical Activity and CVD Physical Activity and CVD Summary Chapter 10. Sedentary Behavior and Cancer Brigid M. Lynch and Christine M. Friedenreich Cancer Epidemiology Key Risk Factors Sedentary Behavior and Cancer Research Sedentary Behavior and Cancer Survivorship Proposed Biological Mechanisms Summary Chapter 11. Sedentary Behavior and Low Back Pain Marco S. Boscolo and Weimo Zhu Low Back Pain and Its Impact Spine Anatomy Spine Stability Known Risk Factors of Low Back Pain Relationship Between Low Back Pain and Sedentary Behavior Prevention of Low Back Pain Summary Chapter 12. Sedentary behavior and psychological well-being Stuart J.H. Biddle and Stephan Bandelow Sedentary Behavior and Depression Sedentary Behavior and Cognitive Functioning Sedentary Behavior and Health-Related Quality of Life Summary Part III. Measuring and Analyzing Sedentary Behavior Chapter 13. Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Questionnaires Barbara E. Ainsworth, Alberto Florez Pregonero, and Fabien Riviere Key Components of Questionnaires Measurement Principles of Questionnaires Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 14. Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Motion Sensors Kong Y. Chen and Richard P. Troiano Key Components of Motion Sensors Measurement Principles of Motion Transducers Accelerometers Practical Guidelines Potential of Raw Accelerometer Data Summary Chapter 15. Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Physiological Sensors David Bassett and Dinesh John Key Components of Physiological Sensors Measurement Principles of Physiological Sensors Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 16. Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using New Technology Dinesh John and Stephen Intille Existing Technology for Measuring Sedentary Behavior Sedentary Behavior Measurement Goals Improvements and Emerging Technology for Measuring Sedentary Behavior Data Collection, Storage, and Open Source Processing Summary Chapter 17. Critical Measurement and Research Issues in Analyzing Sedentary Behavior Weimo Zhu Sedentary Behavior Data Characteristics Challenges and Solutions in the Analysis of Sedentary Behavior Data Summary Part IV. Sedentary Behavior and Subpopulations Chapter 18. Sedentary Behavior in Children Gregory J. Welk and Youngwon Kim Measures of Sedentary Behavior in Youth Health Effects of Sedentary Behavior in Youth Epidemiology of Sedentary Behavior in Youth Differences in Sedentary Behavior by Age and Gender Social and Cultural Differences in Sedentary Behavior in Youth Correlates of Youth Sedentary Behavior Patterns of Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Intervention Approaches for Sedentary Behavior in Youth Summary Chapter 19. Occupational Sedentary Behavior in Adults Wendy J. Brown Most Sedentary Occupations Characteristics of Sitting at Work Health Effects of Occupational Sitting Changing Sitting at Work to Improve Health Outcomes Summary Chapter 20. Sedentary Behavior of Older Adults Jorge A. Banda, Sandra J. Winter, and Abby C. King Measuring Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults Health and Functional Outcomes of Sedentary Behavior Putative Drivers of Sedentary Behavior Possible Contexts of Sedentary Behavior Interventions Aimed at Reducing Sedentary Behavior Summary Chapter 21. Sedentary Behavior in Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Melicia C. Whitt-Glover and Tyrone G. Ceaser Statistics Correlates of Sedentary Behavior Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behavior in Racial/Ethnic Minorities Summary Part V. Changing Sedentary Behavior Chapter 22. Psychological and Behavior-Based Interventions Kevin Moran and John P. Elder Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior Social Cognitive Theory Health Belief Model Transtheoretical Model Operant Conditioning, Contingency Management and Positivistic Models Socioecological Models Summary Chapter 23. Environment and Policy Interventions Jordan A. Carlson and James F. Sallis Comprehensive Multi-Level Approaches Evaluating Environment and Policy Interventions Integrating Environment and Policy Interventions with Other Approaches Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 24. Sedentary Behavior and Worksite Interventions Nicolaas P. Pronk Characteristics of Worksite Interventions Applications of Worksite Interventions Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 25. Community Based Interventions Adrian Bauman and Josephine Y. Chau Framework for Assessing Sedentary Behavior-Reducing Interventions Evaluating Community-Based Interventions Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 26. Ergonomics of Redesigning Sitting John B. Shea Characteristics and Impact of Chair Designs and Positional Behaviors Applications of Sitting Redesign Practical Guidelines Summary Chapter 27. Emerging Communication Systems to Curb Physical Inactivity Dolores Albarracin, Vera Liao, Jessica Yi, and Cheng Zhai Determinants of Exposure and Attitude Determinants of Attitude and Behavior Change Information Systems Summary