The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection

Mark M. Lowenthal has over forty-four years of experience in U.S. intelligence. He has served as the Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis and Production, Vice Chairman for Evaluation on the National Intelligence Council, staff director of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, office director and as a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), and Senior Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. He is now the President and CEO of the Intelligence & Security Academy, an education and consulting firm. Dr. Lowenthal received his BA from Brooklyn College and his PhD in history from Harvard University. He serves as an adjunct professor at the Johns Hopkins University; the National Intelligence University; Sciences Po (Paris); and the Norwegian Defence Intelligence School. He was an adjunct at Columbia University from 1993-2007. Robert M. Clark has more than five decades of U.S. intelligence community experience. A USAF lieutenant colonel (retired), Dr. Clark served as an electronics warfare officer and intelligence officer. At the CIA, he was a senior analyst and group chief responsible for developing analytic methodologies. He was cofounder and CEO of the Scientific and Technical Analysis Corporation, a privately held company serving the U.S. intelligence community. Clark holds an SB from MIT, a PhD in electrical engineering from the University of Illinois, and a JD from George Washington University. Beyond analyzing wicked intelligence issues, his passion is writing on the topic of intelligence. His books include Intelligence Analysis: A Target-Centric Approach (5th edition, 2016), The Technical Collection of Intelligence (2010), and Intelligence Collection (2014). He is coauthor, with Dr. William Mitchell, of Target-Centric Network Modeling (2015) and Deception: Counterdeception and Counterintelligence (2019); and coeditor, with Dr. Mark Lowenthal, of Intelligence Collection: The Five Disciplines (2015). Dr. Clark also develops and teaches courses for audiences in academia, national intelligence, and the military. He currently serves as an adjunct professor at the Johns Hopkins University teaching graduate courses.

Chapter 1: Introduction Some Important Definitions References Chapter 2: Open Source Intelligence - Eliot A. Jardines Defining Open Source Intelligence History of OSINT How OSINT Is Managed Who Produces OSINT? International OSINT Private Sector OSINT Types of Targets OSINT Works Best Against Future Trends in OSINT References Chapter 3: HUMINT - Michael Althoff What It Is History How HUMINT is Managed Foreign Collectors of HUMINT Best Targets Future Trends References Chapter 4: Signals Intelligence: Continuing Evolution - William N. Nolte SIGINT: The Cryptologic Base From Morse Code to the First World War The First World War The Continued Evolution of SIGINT: The Interwar Years The Evolution of SIGINT: The Second World War SIGINT in the Cold War SIGINT: An Assessment The Information Revolutions and SIGINT: Computers, the Internet, and Cyber References Chapter 5: GEOINT - Darryl Murdock and Robert M. Clark GEOINT Defined A History of GEOINT GEOINT's Main Attributes or Components How GEOINT is Managed International GEOINT The Types of Intelligence Targets Against Which it Works Best References Chapter 6: MASINT - John L. Morris and Robert M. Clark Introduction MASINT Defined A History of MASINT MASINT's Main Sub-elements or Components How MASINT is Managed International MASINT The Types of Intelligence Targets Against Which MASINT Works Best References Chapter 7: Managing Collection References

"The Five Disciplines of Intelligence Collection fills a real need for a basic guide to the key intelligence disciplines. It will be especially useful to intelligence practitioners and users of intelligence who need to know how intelligence is collected as well as the strengths and limitations of collection methods. Those who teach intelligence and national security issues, as I do, will find this book of immense utility. Lowenthal and Clark are extremely well qualified to compile this work because both are "insider" career intelligence professionals of the highest order who know their subject." -- R. Heitchue "Lowenthal and Clark have done us a major service with this edited work. By organizing it around the five major intelligence "disciplines" (human, signals, geospatial, measurement and signature, and open source), they show us how each has developed over time, in collecting and analyzing information, in support of U.S. national security. Though all the authors have technical expertise, the work is clearly written and is accessible to a wide variety of audiences, including students, novice analysts, policymakers, and even the public, who need to understand the strengths-and limitations-of intelligence. I highly recommend it." -- Mark T. Clark, Ph.D.