Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406) was a Tunisian-born scholar, jurist, sociologist, and historian, best known for his influential work on history, The Book of Lessons (Kitab al-?Ibar), and the prolegomenon to that work, the Muqaddimah. Carolyn Baugh is Associate Professor of History and Arabic at Gannon University in Erie, Pennsylvania, where she teaches courses in Middle East and world history and also directs the Women's Studies program. Jesus R. Velasco teaches at the Spanish and Portuguese Department at Yale University. He is also working on his doctoral dissertation in Law at the Ecole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales (Paris). He has published work in Medieval and Early Modern Studies, but he secretly would like to be a photographer.