Understanding Global Cultures 6/e

Martin J. Gannon (Ph.D., Graduate School of Business, Columbia University) is Professor Emeritus of Strategy and International Management at both the Smith School of Business, University of Maryland at College Park and the College of Business Administration, California State University San Marcos. He is a three-time recipient of the Fulbright Professorship Award (West Germany, 1981-82; Thailand, 1987; and Austria, 2017-18). His other awards include: 1) The Outstanding Educator Award, International Division, 2014, Academy of Management, the largest and best known management and teaching organization in the world; 2) the University of Maryland's International Landmark Award for his contributions in the global area, 2003; and 3) the Lifetime Achievement Award, Who's Who in America, 2018. See below for additional awards. Professor Gannon has been a Senior Research Fulbright Fellow in West Germany; the John F. Kennedy Foundation/Fulbright Professor at Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand; and the Fulbright Professor, Johannes Kepler University, Austria. He has also been a visiting professor at the London Business School, Bocconi University (Italy), University College - Dublin, the University of Lodz (Poland), Wuhan University, Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok), and the University of Kassel and Tubingen University in Germany, and has lectured at many other universities in the world. At the Smith School of Business he served as the Acting Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Founding Director of the Center for Global Business, Chairperson of the Faculty of Management and Organization, Co-founder and Co-director of the Small Business Development Center, and the Founding Director of the College Park Scholars Program in Business, Society, and the Economy (an undergraduate living-learning community). He is the author of over 100 articles and papers as well as 13 books, some in multiple editions and translations (Korean, Spanish, and Italian). He recently completed a draft of his 20th book. See below. Professor Gannon has emphasized three overlapping areas of programmatic or in-depth research: International management and behavior; business strategy; and the contingent workforce, particularly studies of temporary help employment. Much of his work in international management and behavior is described in depth in the book, Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 31Nations, Clusters of Nations, Continents, and Diversity, 5th Edition (Sage, May, 2012, c. 2013, 639 pages; Korean translation, Myung In Publishers, 2013). Rajnandini Pillai joined him as co-author after the 3rd edition. The 6th edition was published in 2016 and includes 34 national cultures and their corresponding 34 cultural metaphors. Although the publisher wanted a 7th edition, Professor Gannon decided to pursue other writing opportunities. In this book Gannon introduced the concept of the cultural metaphor to describe the culture of a specific nation. He defines a cultural metaphor as any institution, phenomenon or activity with which a nation's citizens identify emotionally and/or cognitively, for example, the Swedish stuga or unadorned summer and weekend home. He then uses these metaphors and their distinctive features as frameworks to describe in depth the values and the associated business activities in each nation. The 6th and latest edition is divided into a fourteen-part framework to classify these 34 nations and their respective cultural metaphors, clusters of nations, continents, and diversity within nations into different types, e.g., authority ranking and market pricing national cultures as separate parts. In 2018 he was the senior author of a unique study of 28 cross-cultural experts. The goal was the analysis of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the three most popular methods of comparing and contrasting national cultures: The dimensional perspective as represented by Geert Hofstede and other cross-cultural analysts; the cultural metaphor; and the cultural paradoxical approach. See the publications below for this and other references. He recently completed a draft of his 20th book, A Memoir of Management Insights: The Strategic Realistic Method for Life and Career Success. It combines three separate perspectives: A memoir; the management insights that the author has achieved through his many and varied activities; and a career or self-help book. As in the case of his other books, this one is unique. It is currently with an agent, who plans to submit it to 12 major publishers. In the area of contingent employment, he has written many articles that have appeared in such journals as The Academy of Management Review, the Journal of Applied Psychology, and Industrial Relations. He is also the senior co-author of "Managing Without A Complete, Full-Time Workforce," that appeared in Flood, Gannon, Pauuwe, and Associates, Managing Without Traditional Methods: International Innovations in Human Resource Management (Addison-Wesley, 1996). In the area of business strategy, he is the co-author of the Dynamics of Competitive Strategy (Sage, 1992), in which the authors develop a unique communication-information model of competitive interaction among firms in an industry, describe new methods for analyzing competitive moves and responses, and test hypotheses about such competitive interactions in four major industries. Mr. Gannon is also the co-author of Strategic Management Skills (Addison-Wesley, 1986), which was a pioneering effort to train MBA students and managers in strategic case analysis and written and oral presentation skills. In 2008 Ofer Meilich and Martin Gannon published an article, "Redefining Value: Comparative Video Case Studies of Charles Shaw Winery and Thomas Kincade," in the Journal of Strategic Management Education. As indicated above, Mr. Gannon's research and writing have appeared in over 100 articles and papers. Journals in which he has published include the Academy of Management Journal, The Academy of Management Review, Journal of Applied Psychology, Personnel Psychology, Industrial Relations, Monthly Labor Review, California Management Review, Business Horizons, Journal of Business Research, Journal of Business Venturing, International Journal of Management, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Business & the Contemporary World, and the Journal of Accountancy. Further, Professor Gannon has published several textbooks, including Management: Managing for Results (Allyn and Bacon, 1988, Spanish translation, 1996); Management: an Organizational Framework (Little, Brown and Co., 1977, and reprinted in a special edition of 10,000 copies by the Life Insurance Institute of America; second edition of this book, 1982); and Organizational Behavior (Little, Brown and Co., 1979). His organizational framework of management was incorporated into the Introduction to Management course at the Army War College for many years. Professor Gannon has taught a range of courses over a 50-year period for managers, MBA students, EMBA students, undergraduates, and doctoral students. Currently he enjoys teaching Managing in Different Cultures; Cross-Cultural Negotiations; and Strategic Management. Professor Gannon has served as a consultant and trainer to a large number of organizations, including Chemical Bank of New York, the U.S. General Accounting Office, U.S. Office of Personnel Management, the Upjohn Company, the American Federation of Government Employees, ARINC, Northrop-Grumman and GEICO Insurance. At GEICO he was the only external consultant on the design and presentation of the annual week-long Senior Management Training Program for ten years from which those promoted to Director and above were selected.. At Northrop-Grumman he served as the University of Maryland Academic Director of the IMPACT Training Program (International Management Program and Compliance Training), an internal certificate program required for advancement to international management positions. In 2008 he received a Career Contribution Award from GEICO. Professor Gannon has served on and chaired numerous committees in universities and professional/academic associations. He has lived and lectured in over 30 nations for various periods of time extending from one week to a year or more. Rajnandini Pillai (PhD, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1994) is Professor of Management at the College of Business, California State University, San Marcos (CSUSM). She is also Executive Director and founding member of the Center for Leadership Innovation and Mentorship Building (CLIMB) at the university. Her areas of research interest are leadership and cross-cultural management. She has published her work on charismatic and transformational leadership, leadership and voting behavior, and cross-cultural differences in organizational justice in some of the leading journals in her field such as The Leadership Quarterly, Journal of Management, and the Journal of International Business Studies. She has also co-edited two books, Teaching Leadership: Innovative Approaches for the 21st Century (2003) and Follower Perspectives on Leadership (2007). She serves on the editorial boards of The Leadership Quarterly and Group and Organization Management. Rajnandini Pillai has held mid-level management positions in the banking industry in India, consulted with organizations in the United States on leadership effectiveness, and conducted workshops on leadership and global issues. She has received awards for excellence in teaching and research, including the College of Business Outstanding Professor Award, the Western Academy of Management Ascendant Scholar Award, the CSUSM President's Award for Scholarship and Creative Activity, and the Harry E. Brakebill Distinguished Professor Award.

Preface: Understanding Cultures in Depth Part I. Introduction Chapter 1. Understanding Cultural Metaphors Language Barriers Using Cultural Metaphors Constructing Cultural Metaphors Using Metaphor Reading and Using This Book A Two-Dimensional Typology of Cultures A Scaling Perspective Defining Culture or Identifying Its Determinants? When Culture Does, and Does Not, Matter Part II. Authority-Ranking Cultures Chapter 2. The Thai Kingdom Loose Vertical Hierarchy Freedom and Equality The Thai Smile Chapter 3. The Japanese Garden Corporate Cultures Garden as Metaphor Wa and Shikata Seishin Training Combining Droplets or Energies Aesthetics Similarities and Contrasts Chapter 4. Bedouin Jewelry and Saudi Arabia History and Geography The Desert Bedouins Bold Form Handcrafted Appearance Traditional Design Female Ownership Chapter 5. Don Ganh: The Two Sides of Vietnam History of Occupation The French Defeat and Division Into Two The Metaphor: The Dualities of Don Ganh Chapter 6. Kimchi and Korea South Korea Kimchi The 60th Birthday Strangers by Day, Lovers by Night Kimchi's Public Role The Irish of Asia Part III. Scandinavian Egalitarian Cultures Chapter 7. The Swedish Stuga Early History Modern Evolution Social Democracy The Swedish Summer Home Love of Untrammeled Nature and Tradition Individualism Through Self-Development Equality Chapter 8. The Finnish Sauna From Survival to Political and Economic Success Sauna: A Secular "Holy" Place of Equality Communication: Comfort With Quietude Chapter 9. The Danish Christmas Luncheon Interdependent Individualism Geographic Ambivalence Coziness Part IV. Other Egalitarian Cultures Chapter 10. The German Symphony Postwar Evolution The Symphony Orchestra Diversity of Musical Instruments Positional Arrangements of the Musicians Conductors and Leaders Precision and Synchronicity The Unfinished Symphony Chapter 11. Irish Conversations Early History English Oppression Identifying Links Intersection of Gaelic and English Prayer as Conversation A Free-Flowing Conversation: Irish Hospitality Places of Conversations: Irish Friends and Families Ending a Conversation Chapter 12. The Canadian Backpack and Flag Historical Background Egalitarianism and Outlook The Canadian Mosaic Canadians as Non-U.S. Americans Chapter 13. Australian Outdoor Recreational Activities Capturing the Imagination New Realities: Beyond Stereotypes Barbecue Equality Matching Among the Tall Poppies Chapter 14. French Wine Pureness Classification Composition Suitability The Maturation Process The Changing Portrait Part V. Market-Pricing Cultures Chapter 15. American Football The Tailgate Party Pregame and Halftime Entertainment Strategy and War Selection, the Training Camp, and the Playbook Individual Specialized Achievement Within the Team Structure Aggression, High Risks, and Unpredictable Outcomes Huddling The Church of Football and Celebrating Perfection Chapter 16. The Traditional British House The Traditional House History, Politics, Economics: Laying the Foundations Growing Up British: Building the House Being British: Living in the House Part VI. Cleft National Cultures Chapter 17. The Malaysian Balik Kampung Returning to Nearby Roots Authority Ranking Reinforcing Common Values Chapter 18. The Israeli Kibbutzim and Moshavim Zionism, Types of Judaism, and the Palestinians A New Country Continuous War Religious Conflict Explicit Values Size and Behavioral Outcomes Traumas, Worldview, and Personality Chapter 19. The Italian Opera North and South The Opera Metaphor The Overture Pageantry and Spectacle Voice Externalization Chorus and Soloists Chapter 20. Belgian Lace Wallonian Versus Flemish History of Lace A Land of Contrasts Control Cooperation and Harmony Part VII. Torn National Cultures Chapter 21. The Mexican Fiesta Historical Background The Mexican Fiesta Primary Focus on People The Emphasis on Religion Experiencing the Present Freedom Within the Social Order Chapter 22. The Turkish Coffeehouse A Unique History Islam and Secularity Recreation, Communication, and Community Integration A Male Domain A Modest Environment Life Outside the Coffeehouse Looking Ahead Part VIII. The Base Culture and Its Diffusion Across Borders (Clusters of Nations): The Example of China Chapter 23. China's Great Wall and Cross-Cultural Paradox The Great Wall: Long, Tortuous, and Complex History Confucianism and Taoism Sun Tzu, War, and the Marketplace Chapter 24. The Chinese Family Altar: The Expatriate Chinese Outside of China The Importance of Family The Expatriate Chinese Roundness Harmony Fluidity Chapter 25. The Singapore Hawker Centers Origins of the Hawker Centers Singapore's History Ethnic Diversity but Unity Efficiency The Power of Women Safety Synthesizing Traditional and New Values Part IX. India: Tradition, Modernity, and Diversity Chapter 26. India: The Dance of Shiva Shiva's Dance Indian Culture: Early History Cyclical Hindu Philosophy The Cycle of Life The Family Cycle The Cycle of Social Interaction The Work and Recreation (Rejuvenation) Cycle Chapter 27. India: A Kaleidoscope of Diversity The Kaleidoscope of Religions and Cultural Celebrations Images of Festivals and Feasts Cell Phones, Call Centers, and Curriculum: Images of Change The Changing Image of Cricket Part X. An African Perspective Chapter 28. The Nigerian Marketplace Diversity Social Dynamism Balancing Tradition and Change Chapter 29. South African Townships An Insider's View An Outsider's View Chapter 30. The Sub-Saharan African Bush Taxi Basic Operations A Short History of Africa African Time Orientation and Fatalism Communalism and Community Sharing Hierarchy in African Society: Seating Arrangements in the Bush Taxi Part XI. The Struggle for Cultural Identity and the Splintering of Nations: The Case of the Russian Empire Chapter 31. Russian Ballet An Apt Metaphor A Flourishing Art Echelons of the Ballet Drama and Realism The Russian Soul Chapter 32. Estonian Singing Lyrics, or the Painful History of the Proud Nation Vocalists, or Simple Pleasures Inspired by Nature Performance, or Singing as a Weapon Audience, or Estonia on the Global Stage Chapter 33. The Polish Village Church Historical Background Central Place of the Catholic Church The Partitioning and Polish Identity Survivors Part XII. Same Metaphor, Different Meanings Chapter 34. The Spanish Bullfight The Bullfight Begins Cuadrillas Sol y Sombra The Pompous Entrance Parade Audience Involvement The Ritual of the Bullfight Chapter 35. The Portuguese Bullfight Pride in Traditions Stratification Amid Unity Artistry and Human Gore Profitless Bravery Part XIII. Popular Music as Cultural Metaphors Chapter 36. The Brazilian Samba Evolution of the Samba Small-Step Circularity Physical Touch Undulation Spontaneous Escape Paradox of Dancers Chapter 37. The Argentine Tango The Tango's Evolution Tango Music and Composers The Dynamics of the Dance Tango Singers and Their Lyrics Gender Relations Applying What We've Learned Summary Part XIV. Overlapping Cultural Metaphors for Geographically Related Nations Chapter 38. Cultural Metaphors for the Caribbean A Brief History of the Caribbean Region Cultural Metaphors for the Caribbean Personal Experiences With Caribbean Metaphors Developing Complementary Cultural Metaphors Conclusions References Index About the Authors

"Each one of these chapters is very detailed and the metaphor is sensible... This is a great introduction to cultural diversity for many different reasons, such as economy (Italy), religion (Malaysia), language (Belgium, plus Canada and Switzerland among many others). It meets the demand for a business cultural geography companion text." -- Jorge A. Gonzalez "This text more thoroughly increases cultural awareness to broaden students' perspectives of what they may encounter as they travel to different parts of the world. The chapters are well written; my students are challenged by, and maintain an interest in, the level of the book. It is a book that provides a challenge for the level of students in my course." -- Nancy Lyons "This is the only textbook that I have found that actually discusses relevant information about contemporary cultures from all over the world...This is a wonderful text! I actually encourage other instructors to use it for their comparative cultures classes. It is easy to read and understand, discusses relevant information, and helps students become more aware of cultures that they may very well come in contact with. I will be using the next editions of this text, as it is the best I've found." -- Heather M. Smith "Overall I have enjoyed the text and have found it a useful resource for myself. Students who have used it as recommended reading have also found it helpful in developing a more colorful understanding of issues from the module. The structure of the book is good, with an appropriate break up of countries as it demonstrates that despite major visible differences the cultures in each category actually have important base characteristics. I am glad this text is available as it supports the broad themes of my course admirably well." -- Patrick Meehan "It is one of the most interesting textbooks in the marketplace. The authors KNOW what they are doing. I love this textbook and have been using it for years now. It is one of the only textbooks that many of my students do NOT sell back to the campus bookstore!" -- Patrice Hughes "I enjoy using this book in my classes and students also seem to like it. I get positive comments on the text in student evaluations." -- Alexandre Ardichvili "The book is a very useful resource for any one traveling to a foreign country because it provides unique in-depth insights to cultures. Thus, I encourage students to hang onto the book as a resource in dealing with customers from these countries. What I like about the current format is that the questions and the associated answers are infinite once you dig deeper into the metaphor and then start comparing/contrasting metaphors." -- Brad Koch "This is a fantastic book and I will continue to use it in whatever format." -- Jennifer Basquiat