Understanding Sport Organizations

Trevor Slack, PhD, was the Canada research chair of the International Institute for the Study of Sport Management at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. He was widely published in major sport and organization journals and was a keynote speaker at conferences on sport organizations around the world. He was editor of the Journal of Sport Management and the European Journal of Sport Management, and he served on the editorial board of several journals related to sport management. Slack was awarded numerous grants for social science and humanities research projects. In 1995, he presented the Zeigler Lecture, the leading lecture in sport management, and in 2001, he was awarded a Canada research chair for his work in sport management. Trevor Slack passed away in January 2016. Terri Byers, PhD, is an associate professor at the University of New Brunswick, Canada. She was previously a principal lecturer at Coventry University, and she has taught in higher education in the United Kingdom for almost 20 years. She is widely published in journals, books, and online forums. She is currently working on projects related to managing innovation in sport organizations, using innovation (virtual reality) to create positive legacy from Paralympic Games, and managing diversity in sport organizations. Byers has collaborated with colleagues from around the globe and has been granted research funding from the European Union and Canada for her research in sport management. She takes an innovative and creative approach to projects and believes that students of sport management should always challenge existing practices to constantly improve the sport environment for diverse populations. Alex Thurston, PhD, completed his PhD in analysis of sport policy implementation and is currently teaching several modules across the sport management degrees at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom. He leads the Introduction to Sport Management module and supervises undergraduate and postgraduate dissertation project students. In 2019, Loughborough was ranked number one in the QS World University Rankings for sports-related subjects for the third consecutive year, receiving a 5-star rating. Thurston has a growing list of publications and has presented at conferences all around the world. He also delivered Trevor Slack's final two keynote speeches: one at the EASM conference in Coventry, England (2014), and the other at the NASSM conference in Ottawa, Canada (2015). Outside of academia, Thurston has more than 10 years of swimming coaching experience. He completed a two-way English Channel relay swim, became a double European champion in 2016, and holds an age-group world record.

Part I. Introducing Sport Management Chapter 1. The Management of Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD Why Sport Managers Need to Understand the Complexity of the Sport Industry Some Definitions Ways to Look at Sport Organizations Future Directions for Sport Management and Improving Our Understanding of Sport Organizations Chapter 2. Doing Research in Sport Management Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD The Research Process Theoretical Framework The So-Called Debate on Qualitative-Quantitative or Mixed-Methods Research Research Design Data Collection Methods and Issues Data Analysis Methods Issues of Quality The Write-Up Part II. Fundamentals of Managing Sport Organizations Chapter 3. Organizational Goals and Effectiveness Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD Importance of Understanding Organizational Goals and Effectiveness Organizational Goals Effectiveness or Efficiency Approaches to Studying Organizational Effectiveness Chapter 4. Sport Organizations and Their Environments Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD The Nature of the Organizational Environment Research on Organizational Environments Controlling Environmental Uncertainty Other Perspectives on the Organization-Environment Relationship The Relationship Between an Organization's Environment and Its Structure Chapter 5. Dimensions of Organizational Structure Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD Complexity Formalization Centralization Chapter 6. Design Options in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD Typologies and Taxonomies Mintzberg's Configurations The Simple Structure The Machine Bureaucracy The Divisionalized Form The Professional Bureaucracy Adhocracy Organizational Designs as Ideal Types Notes on Organizational Size Contemporary Perspectives on Organizational Design Chapter 7. Sport Organizations and Their Responses to Policy Spencer Harris, PhD Defining Policy Studying Organizational Responses to Sport Policy Chapter 8. Strategy in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, James Andrew Kenyon, PhD, and Argyro Elisavet Manoli, PhD What Is Organizational Strategy? Levels of Strategy Strategy Formulation and Implementation Strategy and Structure Strategy in Voluntary Sport Organizations Chapter 9. Sport Marketing Frank Pons, PhD, Marilyn Giroux, PhD, and Lionel Maltese, PhD Marketing of Sport: Spectator Sports, Branding, and Merchandising Marketing Through Sport: Sponsorship, Activation, and Venue Naming Part III. Dynamics and Complexity of Managing Sport Chapter 10. Control in Sport Organizations Terri Byers, PhD, Alex Thurston, PhD, and Phillip Lunga, MBA Evolution of Control Elements, or Components, of Control Sport Management Research on Control Chapter 11. Gender and Sport Organizations Berit Skirstad, MS Concepts of Sex and Gender in Sport Historical Development of Women in Sport and Sport Organizations Barriers for Women to Overcome in Sport Theoretical Approaches Explaining Underrepresentation of Women in Sport Gender Equity Policies in Sport Chapter 12. Volunteers in Sport Organizations Graham Cuskelly, PhD Sport Volunteerism Defined Size, Nature, and Scope of Volunteering in Sport Volunteer Life Cycle Organizational Commitment Psychological Contract and Volunteers Volunteer Management Volunteers and Paid Staff Chapter 13. Governance of Sport Organizations Borja GarcIa, PhD Theoretical Frameworks The Autonomy of Sport and the Role of the State in Sport Governance The Assessment of Governance Chapter 14. Decision Making in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD Defining Decision Making Conditions Under Which Decisions Are Made Approaches to Understanding Decision Making Chapter 15. Power and Politics in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD Strategic Choice Power and Authority Sources of Power Other Notable Interpretations of Power Power in Sport Management Research Organizational Politics Politics in Sport Management Research Chapter 16. Managing Conflict in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD What Is Conflict? Horizontal and Vertical Conflict Is Conflict Dysfunctional to the Operation of a Sport Organization? The Conflict Process Sources of Conflict in Sport Organizations Conflict Management Strategies Stimulating Conflict Current Research About Conflict in Sport Organizations Chapter 17. Managing Culture in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD Organizational Culture Compared to Climate Manifestations of a Sport Organization's Culture Thick and Thin Cultures One or More Cultures Organizational Culture and Effectiveness Creating, Managing, and Changing a Sport Organization's Culture Chapter 18. Organizational Change in Sport Trevor Slack, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD The Concept of Change Change as Paradox Perspectives on Organizational Change What Causes Organizational Change? Resistance to Change Dealing With Resistance and Implementing Change Stages of the Change Process Innovation in Sport Organizations Chapter 19. Leadership and Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Terri Byers, PhD Traditional Approaches to Leadership Charismatic and Transformational Leadership Modern Approaches to Leadership: Beyond Idealistic Views of Leaders Part IV. Contemporary Issues in Sport Organizations Chapter 20. Mental Health and Sport Organizations Meghan Thurston, DClin Psy, PhD, Jon Arcelus, LMS, GP(T), FRCPsych, PhD, and Alex Thurston, PhD An Introduction to Mental Health Classification Systems Factors That Contribute to Mental Health Difficulties in Sport Mental Health Difficulties Management of Mental Health Difficulties in Sport Role of Mental Health Professionals in Sport Chapter 21. Technology in Sport Organizations Trevor Slack, PhD, and Andy Miah, PhD Research on Technology and Organizations Critiques of the Technology Imperative Microelectronic Technologies Relationship Between Technology and Organizational Structure Chapter 22. Sports Analytics Bill Gerrard, DPhil The Nature of Sports Analytics Moneyball: The Game Changer Analytics in Invasion Team Sports Other Applications of Analytics in Sports Organizations Chapter 23. Corporate Social Responsibility and Sport Organizations Christos Anagnostopoulos, PhD, and Jonathan Robertson, PhD Corporate Social Responsibility Theoretical Perspectives of CSR Multilevel Approach for CSR and Sport Organizations Chapter 24. Procurement and Sport Organizations Sue Arrowsmith, QC (hon), DJur A Multidisciplinary Perspective Introduction to Procurement and Its Significance for Sport Organizations Objectives of the Procurement Process Transparency and Competitive Bidding Procurement for Sporting Events Procurement by Sport Federations