Culture and Identity 3/e

Anita Jones Thomas, PhD, is a counseling psychologist with specializations in multicultural counseling and family therapy, and is currently an Dean and Professor of the School of Psychological Sciences at the University of Indianapolis. She received a bachelor's degree in human development and social policy from Northwestern University and a master's degree in community counseling from Loyola University Chicago. Her doctorate in counseling psychology was received from Loyola University Chicago. Her research interests include critical consciousness, and racial identity, racial socialization, and parenting issues for African Americans. She has also conducted training seminars and workshops on multicultural issues for state and national professional organizations in counseling and psychology, hospitals, and corporations and has served as a consultant for human service organizations. Dr. Thomas has served and chaired the Committee on Children, Youth, and Families of the American Psychological Association, and the Task Force on Resilience and Strength and Black Children and Adolescents, and is on the board for the Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice. Sara Schwarzbaum, EdD, LMFT, LCPC, is a retired Professor in the department of Counselor Education and a coordinator of the Master's in Couple and Family Counseling Program at Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago. She is also the founder of Couples Counseling Associates in Chicago. She has a master's degree in clinical psychology from Buenos Aires, Argentina and doctoral degree in counseling with an emphasis in family therapy from Northern Illinois University. She has written articles that have appeared in the Psychotherapy Networker, Counseling Today and other publications. She is a consultant, trainer, and presenter at state and national conferences where she frequently conducts workshops on clinical issues with Latino clients, the multicultural competency of clinicians, psychotherapy with immigrants and families, and marriage counseling.

Preface Organization of the Book Acknowledgments SECTION I: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS 1. Self in Context Developmental Processes Development of the Self Development of Self in Context Societal Influences on Development Shifting Selves Resilience What Is Resilience? Factors Associated With Resilience Personal Protective Factors Using Resilience in Treatment SECTION II: RACE AND ETHNICITY 2. Julie's Story: So What if I'm a Black Woman? Julie's Story Content Themes Race and Stereotypes Interpersonal Relationships Racism Self-Definition/Authentic Self Clinical Applications Assessment Influence of Race Techniques and Interventions Critical Consciousness and the Authentic Self Racial Heritage Racial Socialization Countertransference Reactions to Racism Race of the Therapist Toolbox Activity-Julie 3. Butch's Story: Who Am I? Butch's Story Content Themes Contextual Dimensions Family Socialization Patterns Intragroup Differences Self-Image Cultural Homelessness Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Myths About Multiracial Individuals Family and Racial Socialization Processes Countertransference Myths and Misperceptions Issues of Self-Hatred Toolbox Activity-Butch 4. Betsie's Story: I Am 100% Jewish Betsie's Story Content Themes Pride About Ethnic Background The Connection Between Ethnicity and Family Values Pressure to Conform to Ethnic Values Relationship Between Ethnicity and Religion Relationship Between Sociohistorical Contexts and Identity Clinical Applications Assessment Pride About Ethnic Background Ethnicity, Family Values, and Pressures to Conform Relationship Between Ethnicity, Religion, Sociohistorical Contexts, and Other Variables Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Similar Ethnicity Different Ethnicity Toolbox Activity-Betsie 5. Maribel's Story: When Are You Going to Have Kids? Maribel's Story Content Themes Ethnicity, Immigration, Social Class, and Racism Ethnicity and Language The Double Life of a Hybrid Identity Gender Role Shifts Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Maribel SECTION III: IMMIGRATION AND ACCULTURATION 6. Vu's Story: I Am an American Vu's Story Content Themes Forced Migration and Refugee Status Second Language Acquisition Acculturation and Assimilation Processes Survivor Guilt Clinical Applications Assessment Forced Migration and Refugee Status Second Language Acquisition Acculturation Processes and Coping Styles Survivor Guilt Techniques and Interventions Acquire Knowledge of History Psycholinguistic History Countertransference Excessive Curiosity About the Client's Background Wish to Help Clients Go Back to Their Roots Toolbox Activity-Vu 7. Esteban's Story: Still Uprooted Esteban's Story Content Themes Tragic Loss Language Loss Language, Acculturation, and Ethnicity Immigration and Social Class Clinical Applications Assessment Language Loss Shifts in Social Class Ethnicity and Acculturation Views Techniques and Interventions Language Switching and Language Mixing Countertransference Sadness or Guilt Denial of Culture Wish to Prove That the Clinician Is Above Prejudice Toolbox Activity-Esteban 8. Maria Luz's Story: Here We Are Not Free Maria Luz's Story Content Themes Ambivalence Voluntary Versus Involuntary Migration Documented Versus Undocumented Status Language Issues of the First-Generation Immigrant Immigration and Geographic Origin Clinical Applications Assessment Potential for Dropout From Services Beliefs About Mental Health Practices Risk of Dropout From Counseling Services Ambivalence About the Immigration Decision Language Issues Importance of Geographic Origin Documentation Status Techniques and Interventions Pretherapy Orientation Countertransference Clients' Language, Habits, and Customs Therapist Discomfort and Positive or Negative Stereotypes Toolbox Activity-Maria Luz 9. Teresa's Story: I Didn't Want to Go to Church on Sunday Teresa's Story Content Themes First- Versus Second-Generation Immigrants Language Issues of the Second Generation: Loss or Rejection Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender Clinical Applications Assessment Language Issues With the Second Generation Intergenerational Conflicts and Gender Roles Techniques and Interventions Untangling Family Conflicts Based on Second-Generation Choices Countertransference Taking Sides Toolbox Activity-Teresa SECTION IV: RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY 10. Frank's Story: Hearing God's Voice Frank's Story Content Themes Relationship With God Submission in Religion Religion as a Strength or Resource Clinical Applications Assessment Relationship With a Higher Power Existential Questions Religion as Strength Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Discomfort With Religious Discussions Differences in Religious Beliefs Toolbox Activity-Frank 11. Bob's Story: The Good Christian Son Bob's Story Content Themes Religious Socialization Shift in Religious Identity Internal Migration and Religious Identity Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Bob 12. Katie's Story: Catholic and Jewish? How Can It Be? Katie's Story Was This a "Crisis" of Faith? The Wedding Plans And the Rest of the Story . . . ? Teach Your Children Diligently Practice, Practice, Practice: A Practicing Catholic Content Themes Religious Identity Development Decision Making Family Socialization Influence of Current Events Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Examination of Specific Religious Teachings Interfaith Relationship Issues Countertransference Moral Dilemmas Confusion About Interfaith Differences Toolbox Activity-Katie 13. Malia's Story: Am I American? Malia's Story Content Themes Process of Identity Acculturation Clinical Applications Assessment Process of Identity Religion Acculturation Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Malia SECTION V: SOCIAL CLASS 14. Carla's Story: One More Mile Carla's Story Content Themes The Impact of Poverty Lack of Access to Resources Importance of Education Link to Race/Dominant Values Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Carla 15. Anthony's Story: From Radical to Bohemian to Suit Me Anthony's Story Content Themes Changes in Socioeconomic Status and Social Class Dominant Class Standards Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Dominant Values Budgets Countertransference Differences in Values Classism Toolbox Activity-Anthony SECTION VI: SEXUAL ORIENTATION Clinical Considerations 16. Karen's Story: Midlife Growing Pains Karen's Story Content Themes Coming Out Bisexuality Shame and Internal Judgment Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Karen 17. Rachel's Story: Nurturing the Spirit Transgender and Intersex Sexuality Implications for Professionals Discussion Questions Rachel's Story Content Themes Trapped in Wrong Body/Gender Identity Transition Harassment Clinical Applications Assessment Cross-Gender Expression and Transgender Identity Techniques and Interventions Expression and Acceptance of Gender Identity Transitioning and Working Through Harassment Belief in Client Competency Countertransference Toolbox Activity-Rachel SECTION VII: DISABILITY 18. David's Story: Broken Neck, Intact Spirit David's Story Content Themes Grief and Loss Issues Adjusting to the Disability Disability Identity Development Discrimination Resilience and Social Justice Clinical Applications Assessment Techniques and Interventions Grief and Loss Fostering Resilience Career Counseling Intersectionality Process of Therapy Countertransference Pity Curiosity Toolbox Activity-David Appendix References Index About the Authors

"The authors provide readers with compelling narratives that are both powerful and informative. The book is well organized and helps the reader identify important content themes and interventions necessary to work with diverse populations. I would highly recommend this text to counselor trainees and students interested in working from a culturally mindful perspective!" -- Jason Vasquez "Thomas and Schwarzbaum's life story approach offers students and trainees an inclusive, sensitive, and progressive means of evaluating cultural identity development. Their rich collection of narratives generates valuable insights into the intersection of a diverse array of cultural factors that foster cultural identity growth. Students and trainees who read this text will gain fresh perspectives on how their therapeutic approach can be used to help clients cultivate and bolster a personally meaningful cultural identity." -- Jeff Kilbert "Thomas and Schwarzbaum's delicate handling of the sensitive topic of multicultural counseling in the text Culture and Identity: Life Stories for Counselors and Therapists is a must read for students and therapists who wish to increase their knowledge, skills, and understanding of the dynamics of a rapidly changing multicultural world." -- Merrill T. Reese