Victimology and Victim Assistance

Yoshiko Takahashi, Ph.D. is an associate professor in the Department of Criminology at California State University, Fresno. While teaching undergraduate victimology courses, she coordinates the Victimology Option program and oversees the Victim Services Certificate program at the same institution. Her current research focuses on domestic violence and gender inequality issues among Asian communities in the United States and Southeast Asian student success in higher education. Dr. Takahashi is serving on the Board of Directors of the Central California Asian Pacific Women (CCAPW). She is also an elected Executive Committee member of the World Society of Victimology (WSV). Chadley James, Ph.D. is an assistant professor in the Department of Criminology at California State University, Fresno. Dr. James has published in international journals and textbooks and has presented papers at international conferences, courses, and seminars in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. He is the organizing co-director of the longest running two-week Graduate Course in Victimology, Victim Assistance, and Criminal Justice held every year in Dubrovnik, Croatia, at the Inter-University Center. In 2015, the World Society of Victimology (WSV) awarded Dr. James the Beniamin Mendelsohn Young Victimologist Award. He is also an elected Executive Committee member of the WSV.

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors PART I. FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF VICTIMOLOGY AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE History of Victimology History of Victim Assistance Legislative and Policy Development of Victims' Rights Types of Victim Services Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 2. THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION Pioneers in Victimology Theories of Victimization Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 3. THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF VICTIMIZATION Primary Source of Crime Victim Data in the United States International Crime Statistics The Nature and Extent of Victimization Fear of Crime Recurring Victimization Costs of Victimization Victim Reporting Behaviors Sources of Victim Services Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 4. TRAUMA AND RECOVERY OF VICTIMS Physiological Impact of Victimization Definitions of Stress and Trauma Responses to Trauma Reducing and Preventing Trauma Stages of Recovery Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions PART II. UNDERSTANDING THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE CHAPTER 5. THE INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE Policing in America Victims' Initial Contact With the Police Role of Victim Advocates Different Types of Victim Services Specific Types of Victims and Law Enforcement Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 6. THE COURT PROCESS AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE The Court Process Victim Involvement in the Court Process Assisting Victims of Crime Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 7. CORRECTIONS, PRISON VIOLENCE, AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE Correctional Systems Victim Services and Programs in Correctional Settings Victim Involvement in Correctional Programs Victim Notification Prison Violence and Victimization in Prison Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 8. JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM, RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, AND VICTIM ASSISTANCE Historical Overview of the Juvenile Justice System Rights of Victims of Juvenile Crime Victims of Juvenile Crimes Juvenile Justice Process Child Welfare System Youth in the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems Trauma-Informed Juvenile Justice System Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions PART III. IMPACT OF CRIME ON VICTIMS CHAPTER 9. VICTIM ASSISTANCE FOR FAMILY VIOLENCE: CHILD ABUSE AND ELDER ABUSE What Is Family Violence? Victim Assistance for Child Abuse Victims Definitions of Child Abuse and Neglect Effects of Child Abuse on Victims Effective Responses to Child Abuse and Neglect Human Trafficking of Children Victim Assistance for Victims of Elder Abuse Defining Elder Abuse and Neglect Effects of Elder Abuse on Victims Effective Responses to Elder Abuse and Neglect Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 10. VICTIM ASSISTANCE FOR INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE Victim Assistance for Intimate Partner Violence Victims Defining Intimate Partner Violence Effects on Victims Effective Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Why Victims Find It Challenging to Leave Abuse Relationships Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 11. VICTIM ASSISTANCE FOR SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION What is Sexual Victimization? Victim Assistance for Victims of Sexual Violence Rape Trauma Syndrome Effective Responses to Victims of Sexual Victimization Human Trafficking Victim Assistance for Sexual Violence Victims on College Campuses Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 12. VICTIM ASSISTANCE FOR CYBER-CRIME What Is Cyber-Crime? Extent of Internet Fraud Effective Responses to Victims of Cyber-Crime What Is Cyber-Bullying and Stalking? Extent of Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Stalking Effective Responses to Victims of Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Stalking What Is Cyber Child Sexual Exploitation? Extent of Cyber Child Sexual Exploitation Effective Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions PART IV. NEW DIRECTIONS IN VICTIM ASSISTANCE CHAPTER 13. PROFESSIONALISM AND ETHICS IN VICTIM ASSISTANCE Ethics in Victim Assistance Ethical Dilemmas and Ethical Decision Making Special Considerations in Victim Services Challenges in Serving Victims Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 14. COLLABORATIVE RESPONSES TO VICTIMS Collaborative Approaches Five Steps of Collaborative Processes Advantages of Collaborative Working Relationships Challenges to Successful Working Relationships Service Delivery Models Examples of Collaborative Efforts Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions CHAPTER 15. CHALLENGES IN VICTIM SERVICES Looking Ahead Victim Assistance for Human Trafficking Victims Victim Assistance for Victims of Terrorism International Collaboration and Victim Assistance Summary Key Words Internet Resources Critical Thinking Questions Appendix Glossary References Index

"Victimology and Victim Assistance is the most encompassing victimology text on the market. The text provides a true account of how the criminal justice system both assists and hinders victims and is very distinct from the current victimology textbooks available. This book has modern cases, procedures, and pushes the boundaries for what society has previously acknowledged as victimizations. The text also discusses real issues and barriers to the criminal justice system involving victims, for example, the use of rape kits and how many go unprocessed." -- Ronicka Schottel "This text is very informative and will add breadth and depth to the topic of victimization. The book is distinct because it talks a lot of the physiological consequences of victimization and gives a solid overview about the history of victimization." -- Damon J. Bullock "The distinction of this text from others is the information on signs and symptoms of trauma as well as the information on collaborative services. What makes this textbook distinct from other books I've reviewed is the additional information on those who victimize also being a victim. Another distinction is the section on cybercrimes and resources available." -- Joy D. Patton "I would describe this text as an excellent and current volume on victimology that is thorough in covering salient issues in the field. It is well written, understandable, complete, and enjoyable to read and provides comprehensive knowledge and thorough information. This text is very distinct from other texts. It is the most current one I am aware of with focus on the key areas and relevant topics to the field in present times. It is up to date, thorough and written in a manner easy to read yet comprehensive in providing vital information necessary for a good grasp of the field." -- Karen L. Bune "Good coverage of the material, easy to read and comprehensive. I appreciate more content on the victim and the psychological symptoms and causes." -- Greg Scott "This text covers subject matter missed in other victimology texts. The coverage of victimology theory is very well-done and will be easy for students to pick up. I found it to be distinct in the way that it incorporates the offender's side as a victim as well in the criminal justice system. Ignoring this area could lead to future criminal behavior and more victims." -- Michelle L. Foster