An EasyGuide to Research Design & SPSS 2/e

Beth M. Schwartz is the Provost and Professor of Psychology at Endicott College. Previously she served as Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost and Professor of Psychology at Heidelberg University, in Tiffin, Ohio. Dr. Schwartz started her career on the faculty at Randolph College (founded as Randolph-Macon Woman's College) in Lynchburg, VA, where she served for 24 years. At Randolph she was the William E. and Catherine Ehrman Thoresen '23 Professor of Psychology and Assistant Dean of the College. She received a BA at Colby College (Maine) and a PhD in cognitive psychology at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Her scholarship focuses on the scholarship of teaching and learning/pedagogical research, in particular the issues surrounding academic integrity and honor systems. In addition to numerous professional presentations at conferences, she has published many book chapters and articles in a variety of scholarly journals, including the Journal of Higher Education, Ethics and Behavior, Law and Human Behavior, and Applied Developmental Science. She has also edited and coauthored books, including Child Abuse: A Global View(Schwartz, McCauley, & Epstein, 2001), Optimizing Teaching and Learning (Gurung & Schwartz, 2012), and Evidence-Based Teaching for Higher Education (Schwartz & Gurung, 2012). She is a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Psychological Society and is a Fellow of Division 2 of APA (Society for the Teaching of Psychology). She was an award-winning teacher at Randolph College, where she taught Introduction to Psychology, Research Methods, Cognitive Psychology, and the capstone course. She received the Award for Outstanding Teaching and Mentoring from the American Psych-Law Society, the Gillie A. Larew Award for Distinguished Teaching at Randolph College, the Katherine Graves Davidson Excellence in Scholarship Award from Randolph College, and the Distinguished Faculty Achievement Certificate from the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia. Janie Wilson received her PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of South Carolina in 1994. Since that time, she has been teaching and conducting research at Georgia Southern University. In the classroom, Dr. Wilson specializes in teaching and learning in statistics and research methods. Research interests include rapport in teaching based on empirical data on the first day of class, electronic communications, interactions with students in a traditional classroom, syllabus design, and the development and validation of the Professor-Student Rapport Scale. Recent publications include two brief texts with SAGE: An EasyGuide to Research Presentations and An EasyGuide to Research Design and SPSS. Along with her colleague, Shauna Joye, she recently published Research Methods and Statistics: An Integrated Approach with SAGE. Dr. Wilson has contributed numerous chapters to edited books and has co-edited several books related to teaching and learning. She has published extensively on the scholarship of teaching and learning and has offered over 60 conference presentations, including several invited keynote addresses. Dr. Wilson is the Past President of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (STP), Division Two of APA. Dennis M. Goff received his PhD in Experimental Psychology from Virginia Tech in 1985. He has been teaching and conducting research at Randolph College (formerly Randolph-Macon Woman's College) since 1986. He specializes in teaching and learning in statistics and developmental psychology with a burgeoning interest in evolutionary psychology. In the past 27 years, he has mentored hundreds of senior psychology majors as they completed their independently designed research projects. In recent years, all of those seniors have presented their work at regional conferences, and a few have earned recognition for best undergraduate research projects. He is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science. He has been recognized at Randolph by being named a Charles A. Dana Professor of Psychology and given the Gillie A. Larew Award for Teaching Excellence and the Katherine Graves Davidson Award for Excellence in Promoting the College.

Preface About the Authors SECTION I. OVERVIEW OF BASIC DESIGN DECISIONS 1. The Marriage of Stats and Methods: 'til Death Do They Part We Want to Help Basic Steps of Research Summary 2. Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio: Why Your Type of Data Really Does Matter Nominal Data Ordinal Data Interval Data Ratio Data Summary 3. Designing Your Hypothesis: To KISS (Keep It Simple, Student) or to Complicate Matters How Many Variables Should I Include? How Many Participants Should I Include? How Many Independent Variables Should I Include? Including More Than One Independent Variable Choosing the Number of Levels of Each Variable Choosing Your Dependent Variables Avoiding the Unmeasurable Dependent Variables How Many Dependent Variables to Include Summary SECTION II. YOUR BASIC SPSS TOOLBOX 4. Why SPSS and Not Other Software, Your Calculator, Fingers, or Toes 5. Handling Your Data in SPSS: Columns, and Labels, and Values . . . Oh My! The Structure of SPSS When to Create Your Data File: Yes, Even Before Data Collection Setting Up Your Data File Importing Data Naming and Labeling Your Variables How to Keep Track and Remember the Details of Your Data File Creating New Variables in Your Data File: Transformations Calculating a Total or Mean Score Recording Variables Conducting Analyses With Only Part of Your Collected Data: Split File and Select Cases Summary 6. Descriptive Statistics: Tell Me About It Describing Nominal Data Describing Ordinal Data Describing Interval or Ratio Data Describing Data With Two Samples Summary SECTION III. DESIGNS, STATISTICS, INTERPRETATION, AND WRITE-UP IN APA STYLE 7. Between-Groups Designs: Celebrate Your Independence! One IV, Two Levels Between Groups With Two Levels of an IV Independent-Samples t-Test With a Quasi-IV Between Groups With More Than Two Levels of an IV Between Groups With More Than One IV Summary 8. Repeated-Measures Designs: Everybody Plays! One Independent Variable With Two Levels Expanding the Number of Levels for Your Independent Variable Adding Another Factor: Within-Subjects Factorial Designs Summary 9. Advanced Research Designs: Complicating Matters Mixed Designs: One Between Variable and One Repeated-Measures Variable A Multivariate Design: Measuring It All Including More Than One Dependent Variable in Your Design ANCOVA Summary 10. Correlational Analysis: How Do I Know If That Relationship Is Real? Correlational Analysis: Two Variables Prediction With Two Variables: Simple Linear Regression Prediction With Several Variables: Multiple Linear Regression Summary 11. Chi Square: Staying on the Same Frequency What Do You Expect? One-Way Chi Square With More Than Two Levels Two-Way Chi Square Summary 12. How Many Participants Do You Need? More Power to You! Finding Power in SPSS's General Linear Model Using G*Power to Find Power Planning Sample Sizes for Your Future Research Summary SECTION IV. A SUMMARY 13. Mapping Your Decisions: You Can Get There From Here Making Basic Decisions About Your Design Data With Distinct Groups Interval or Ratio Data With Many Levels Summary 14. APA Results Sections t-Test for Independent Samples (True IV) t-Test for Independent Samples (Pseudo-IV) One-Way ANOVA for Independent Groups (True IV) t-Test for Correlated Samples One-Way ANOVA for Correlated Groups (Repeated Measures) Factorial ANOVA for Correlated Groups (Repeated Measures) Factorial ANOVA for Mixed Groups Factorial ANOVA for Independent Groups Analysis of Covariance Pearson's r Correlation Pearson's r Correlation and Simple Regression One-Way c2 Two-Way c2 15. Frequently Asked Questions: Did I Do That? Questions About Research Design Questions About Analyzing Your Data Questions About Interpreting Your Data and Presenting Your Results Summary Glossary Index References