Research Methods and Methodologies in Education 4/e

Robert Coe, Director of Research and Development at Evidence Based Education, Senior Associate at the Education Endowment Foundation and Honorary Professor of Education at Durham University. His research interests focus on the application of research to supporting improvements in educational practice, drawing on experience as a university professor and high school teacher, with particular expertise in evaluation methodology and educational assessment. Dr Michael Waring, Griffith Institute for Educational Research, School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Australia. He sits on the executive of the Society for Educational Studies, and is on the editorial board of the British Journal of Educational Studies and Higher Education Pedagogies. His research interests focus on the development of inclusive participatory pedagogy, assessment feedback, research literacy and the use of learning technologies as part of distance and blended learning in higher education and initial teacher education contexts. Generally, and as part of the exploration of this personalised learning agenda, he is interested in the use and innovative development of qualitative research methodology. Larry V. Hedges is one of eight Board of Trustees Professors at Northwestern, the university's most distinguished academic position. He holds appointments in statistics and data science, psychology, education and social policy, and medical social sciences. Previously, he was the Stella M. Rowley Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. He received the Yidan Prize in Education Research in 2018 and the Jose Vasconcelos World Award of Education from the World Culture Council in 2023 He is an elected member of the National Academy of Education and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Statistical Association, the American Psychological Association, the Association for Psychological Science, and the American Educational Research Association. He is also a member of the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, which established an annual endowed lecture in his honor. He was selected to give the inaugural Hedges Lecture in 2016. Hedges was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Board of Directors of the National Board for Education Sciences, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in June 2012, and was elected Chair of the Board in 2016. Widely published, he has authored or co-authored 250 journal articles and 13 books including Coe, Waring, Hedges, & Day Ashley, Research Methods and Methodologies in Education, 3rd edition (2021, Sage London). He has also co-directed research training institutes on research design funded by the US Institute of Education Sciences, the National Institutes of Health, and the National Science Foundation for the last 20 years. Dr Laura Day Ashley, University of Birmingham, Lecturer and Co-Head of Research and Knowledge Transfer for the Department of Education and Social Justice. She has a background in social anthropology and comparative and international education, with a particular interest in alternative, informal and non-state forms of education provision beyond, or at the margins of, mainstream state schooling. Her research on private and non-state schools in low and middle-income countries has achieved significant and sustained policy impact. She has particular expertise in case study research in multiple contexts, and the development of rigorous literature reviews that assess bodies of evidence derived from both qualitative and quantitative research.

1 Introduction - Robert J. Coe PART I INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES IN EDUCATION 2 The nature of educational research - Robert J. Coe 3 Finding your theoretical position - Michael Waring PART II BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH 4 Design of empirical research - Larry V. Hedges 5 Planning your research - Laura Day Ashley 6 Doing a literature review - Laura Day Ashley 7 Inference and interpretation in research - Robert J. Coe 8 Research ethics - Martyn Hammersley 9 Data transparency, reproducibility, and replicability - Larry V. Hedges PART III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OVERVIEWS 10 Action research - Niamh O'Brien, Melanie Boyce and Carol Munn-Giddings 11 Naturalistic research - Rob Walker 12 Ethnographic research - Ghazala Bhatti 13 Visual methodologies - Claudia Mitchell 14 Grounded theory - Michael Waring 15 Case study research - Laura Day Ashley 16 Secondary data - Emma Smith 17 Systematic reviews - Carole Torgerson, Jill Hall and Kate Lewis-Light 18 In-depth interviews - Carolyn L. Mears 19 Focus groups and group interviews - Anita Gibbs 20 Internet-based methods - Rhona Sharpe and Greg Benfield 21 Doing social media research - Eve Stirling 22 Questionnaires - Peter Tymms and Vijay Tymms 23 Biographical research - Michael Tedder 24 Methods for observing classroom interactions - Drew H. Gitomer 25 Longitudinal research - Anna Vignoles 26 Impact evaluation - Steve Higgins 27 Interventions: Experiments - Peter Tymms and Vijay Tymms 28 Computational research methods and data science - Christian Bokhove 29 Mixing methods in education research - Gert Biesta PART IV ANALYSIS METHODS 30 Statistical and correlational techniques - Stephen Gorard 31 Using R with RStudio & Tidyverse - Arend M. Kuyper 32 Statistical hypothesis tests - Michael Borenstein 33 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - Wendy Chan 34 Multiple linear regression - Stephen Gorard 35 Multilevel analysis - Michael Seltzer and Jordan Rickles 36 Effect size - Robert J. Coe 37 Measurement and validity - Robert J. Coe 38 Meta-analysis - Larry V. Hedges 39 Discourse analysis - Elaine Vaughan 40 Media analysis - Michael Atkinson PART V COMMUNICATING RESEARCH 41 Disseminating your research - Mike McLinden