Tempus

Harald Weinrich (1927-2022), after holding professorships in Romance philology and in linguistics at several universities, was founding chair of the Department of German as a Foreign Language at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and, following his retirement in 1992, for six years held the Chair of Romance Languages and Literatures at the College de France. Among his many books on literature, linguistics, French and German grammar, language pedagogy, and the sociology of cultures, three have previously been translated into English: The Linguistics of Lying and Other Essays (Washington, 2012), On Borrowed Time: The Art and Economy of Living with Deadlines (Chicago, 2008), and Lethe: The Art and Critique of Forgetting (Cornell, 2004).

Translators' Note ix Introduction 1 Jane K. Brown and Marshall Brown 1 Tense in Texts 9 Tense and Time, 9 * Text Linguistics, 11 * A Preliminary Reflection: Obstinate Signs, 14 * Tense Distribution, 17 * Two Tense Groups: Discussing and Narrating, 22 * On the Freedom of the Narrator, 25 2 Discussing-Narrating 32 Syntax and Communication, 32 * Register, 36 * Tense in Different Genres, 42 * The World of Discussion, 45 * The World of Narrating, 50 * Tense in the Language of Children, 55 3 Perspective 60 Time in Texts, 60 * The Future (using French as an example), 64 * The Perfekt in German, 69 * The Perfect in English, 75 * Thornton Wilder: The Ides of March, 78 * The Passe compose in French, 83 * The Passato prossimo in Italian, 87 * The Perfecto compuesto in Spanish, 91 * Narration, Past, Truth, 96 4 Highlighting 101 Narrative Highlighting, 101 * Narrative Tempo in the Novel, 106 * Baudelaire: "Le vieux saltimbanque" (The Old Mountebank), 111 * Of the Tense of Death, 117 5 Tense in Novellas and Short Stories: Highlighting vs. Aspect 121 Maupassant, 121 * Pirandello, 126 * Unamuno, Dario, Echegaray, 129 * Hemingway, 135 * Frame Narrative (Boccaccio), 142 * Narration in the Middle Ages, 147 * Frame and Highlighting in Modern Stories, 150 6 Tense Transitions 153 Tense in Dialogue, 153 * Descartes, Rousseau, and the Sequence of Tenses, 164 7 Tense Metaphors 171 Tense Metaphors in Texts, 171 * Condition and Consequence, Reality and Unreality, 180 8 Tense Combinations 186 Tense and Person, 186 * Tense and Adverbs, 190 * Combined Transitions, 197 * Semi-finite Verbs, 205 9 A Crisis in Narration? 211 Tense in Old French, 211 * Evidence of Language Consciousness in French Classicism, 217 * The Time of Newspapers, 224 * Albert Camus: L'etranger, 227 * Oral Narration in French, 236 * A Parallel: Tense in South-German Dialects, 244 10 Other Languages-Other Tenses? 252 Tense in Ancient Greek, 252 * Tense in Latin, 256 * Whorf, Spengler, and the Hopi Indians, 264 * Toward a New Method of Description, 270 Index 275

Harald Weinrich's classic book, long overdue for English translation, offers a groundbreaking study of time and tense. Arguing that tenses indicate not time in itself but the speaker's relation to the utterance, Weinrich distinguishes narrative tenses from tenses of speech or commentary and explores the different ways in which they function in various European languages and works of literature.---Jonathan Culler, author of Theory of the Lyric