Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill

DAVIDA SIWISA JAMES lived in Morningside Heights as a child and Sugar Hill as a young woman. She has a BA in English from UCLA and attended Penn State Dickinson Law in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. She has been a university public relations director, a freelance journalist for the twice Pulitzer Prize-winning Virgin Islands Daily News, and has a twenty-year management career in performing arts finance and marketing. She has published nonfiction books, essays, poems, a play, and an award-winning short story, "The Commute." She resides in Los Angeles, CA.

Author's Historical Note ix Dyckman and Hamilton Maps xi Note on Spelling xiii Preface xv The Neighborhood xxi 1. Dutch Beginnings and Native Americans 1 2. The Making of Harlem Heights 9 3. Harlem Land Grants, Mount Morris, and a Revolution 22 4. Harlem Grange and the Duel 38 5. The Jumels, the Street Grid, and Audubon 55 6. The Bailey Mansion, St. Luke's, and a Building Boom 76 7. The Great Migration and the Morris Museum 100 8. The Hamilton Museum and the Hamilton Theatre 124 9. The Harlem Renaissance 139 10. The Heights Identity and the Black Mecca 170 11. Jazz Clubs, The Numbers, and Firsts 193 12. The Advent of the Sixties, Generational Changes, and the Arts 212 13. A Neighborhood's Changing Face 236 14. Parlor Jazz and the Great Renovation 253 15. Changing Demographics and a Revived Hamilton Heights 279 16. Bailey House, Jazz, and the Renaissance Remix 302 17. Where It Leads 336 Afterword 345 Addendum A: Excerpted Harlem Ordinances and Land Patents 349 Addendum B: Photos Past and Present 353 Acknowledgments 355 Notes 359 Selected Bibliography 375 Index 383

Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill are changing, along with Harlem, but there is great value in knowing the past to better navigate the present. Davida Siwisa James's probing, lyrical and insightful book helps us do both.-- "Journal of Urban Affairs" " . . . A sweeping account of the buildings, businesses, and streets that have been affected by modern-day gentrification, and looks at how this has changed Sugar Hill and Hamilton Heights--and Harlem as a whole. James offers an encyclopedic accounting of two of Harlem's historic neighborhoods . . .---Karen Juanita Carillo, New Amsterdam News As someone who lived in Hamilton Heights for over twenty-five years, Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill introduced me to many aspects of its early history that I did not know, as well as provided me with a much better understanding of the people and places that made the neighborhoods of Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill the vibrant communities that they remain today---Kevin McGruder, The Metropole: The Official Blog of the Urban History Association James describes the social connections between Harlem residents while supplying readers with context for each person she discusses, expertly capturing a sense of life in Harlem. VERDICT A fascinating record of the history and culture of influential neighborhoods in Harlem.-- "Library Journal" Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill traces the transformation of New York's West Harlem community from the ancestral hunting grounds of the Lenape Indians into the cultural mecca of Black America. Davida Siwisa James narrates with pictures of one of America's most prolific neighborhoods. Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill produced American icons like the writer James Weldon Johnson, the scholar George Edmund Haynes, the boxing champ Joe Louis, and the twentieth-century composer George Gershwin. But beyond that, this book makes an important contribution by showing how one small American neighborhood impacted New York's culture, politics, and arts.---DR. BRUCE D. HAYNES, Professor of Sociology, University of California, Davis co-author of Down the Up Staircase: Three Generations of a Harlem Family Over the years, several books and projects have attempted to capture the essence of Hamilton Heights and Sugar Hill, and thankfully, with Davida Siwisa James, the legendary community has its griot. She brings a fresh veneer, a lively descriptive narrative to this timeless section of Harlem. To be sure, the dramatic moments of the past are invoked and then lavishly alloyed with the neighborhood's current vibrancy.---HERB BOYD, Adjunct Professor, City College of New York author of Baldwin's Harlem: A Biography of James Baldwin Yes, her book is New York City history, but Davida Siwisa James's exploration of northern Manhattan across the centuries also reveals the writer/artist in her. Strings of sentences sing so poetically. Old Hamiltonian New York and twentieth-century Harlem come alive with the stories in each chapter. Davida's multiple identities shine through the book: self-made historian, poet, and non-fiction writer. Peace be with you, Davida. We lovers of New York City thank you so much.---RON HOWELL, Associate Professor of Journalism, Brooklyn College author of Boss of Black Brooklyn: The Life and Times of Bertram L. Baker