Corrections: A Text/Reader 3/e

Mary K. Stohr is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Washington State University. She received a PhD (1990) in political science from Washington State University, with specializations in criminal justice and public administration. Many moons ago, and before she earned her graduate degrees, she worked as a correctional officer and then as a counselor in an adult male prison in Washington State. Professor Stohr has published more than 100 academic works in the areas of correctional organizations and operation, correctional personnel, inmate needs and assessment, program evaluation, gender, policing, victimization, and drug policy outcomes. Books coauthored with others include The American Prison (with Cullen and Jonson); Corrections: The Essentials (with Walsh); Correctional Assessment, Casework and Counseling (with Walsh); Corrections: A Text Reader (with Walsh and Hemmens); Criminal Justice Management: Theory and Practice in Justice-Centered Organizations (with Collins); and The Prison Experience (with Hemmens). She was the executive director of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) for 5 years, received the Fellows Award from ACJS in 2018, received the Founders Award in 2009, and is a cofounder of the Corrections and Minorities and Women Sections of ACJS. Anthony Walsh, is a professor of criminology at Boise State University. He received his PhD from Bowling Green State University at the ripe old age of 43. He has field experience in law enforcement and corrections and is the author of more than 150 journal articles and book chapters and 41 books, including Biology and Criminology; Feminist Criminology Through a Biosocial Lens; Law, Justice, and Society (with Hemmens); Correctional Assessment, Casework, and Counseling (with Stohr); The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior: Gene-Brain-Culture Interaction (with Bolen, Ashgate); Corrections: The Essentials (with Stohr); The Science Wars: The Politics of Gender and Race; Criminological Theory: Assessing Philosophical Assumptions; Biosociology: Bridging the Biology-Sociology Divide; Criminology: The Essentials (with Jorgensen); and Answering Atheists: How Science Points to God and the Benefits of Christianity. His interests include biosocial criminology, statistics, and criminal justice assessment and counseling. Craig Hemmens is a professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Washington State University. He holds a JD from North Carolina Central University School of Law and a PhD in criminal justice from Sam Houston State University. Professor Hemmens has published 20 books and more than 200 articles, many dealing with legal issues in criminal justice. He currently serves as editor of the Criminal Law Bulletin and previously served as the editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Education and as president of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. His current research interests include criminal law and procedure.

About the Authors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments SECTION I. The Philosophical and Ideological Underpinnings of Corrections Introduction: What Is Corrections? From Arrest to Punishment The Major Punishment Justifications READING 1. The Goals of Corrections: Perspectives From the Line READING 2. Broken Beyond Repair: Rehabilitative Penology and American Political Development SECTION II. Correctional History: Ancient Times to Colonial Jails Narrative of What Happened When Three Men Were First Placed in the Missouri State Introduction: The Evolving Practice of Corrections Themes: Truths That Underlie Correctional Practice Early Punishments in Westernized Countries Enlightenment-Paradigm Shift Colonial Jails and Prisons READING 3. An Historical Outline of the Penitentiary System SECTION III. Correctional History: The 17th to 20th Centuries Jim Crow Treatment in Prisons Introduction: The Grand Reforms Early Modern Prisons and the Pennsylvania and New York Models Early Prisons and Jails Not Reformed The Renewed Promise of Reform Southern and Northern Prisons and the Contract and Lease Systems, and Industrial Prisons Correctional Institutions or Warehouse Prisons? Themes That Prevail in Correctional History READING 4. "Much and Unfortunately Neglected": Women in Early and Mid-Nineteenth-Century Prisons SECTION IV. Ethics and Corrections A Novice Bows to Subcultural Pressure Introduction: To Do the Right Thing! Defining Ethics: What Is Right (and Wrong)? Ethical Foundation for Professional Practice Why People Behave Unethically How to Prevent Unethical Behavior and to Promote Ethical Work Practices War on Drugs = Attack on Ethics? READING 5. Ethics in a Mountain State County Jail READING 6. Deconstructing Correctional Officer Deviance: Toward Typologies of Actions and Controls SECTION V. Sentencing: The Application of Punishment Vindictive Versus Sensible Sentencing What Is Sentencing? Types of Sentences: Indeterminate, Determinate, and Mandatory Habitual Offender Statutes Other Types of Sentences: Shock, Split, and Noncustodial Sentences Sentencing by Civil Commitment for Sex Offenders Problem-Solving Courts Drug Courts Sentencing Disparity, Legitimate and Illegitimate Structuring Sentencing: The Presentence Investigation Report Structured Sentencing: Sentencing Guidelines The Future of Sentencing Guidelines READING 7. Cracked Justice READING 8. Determinants of State Innovations in American Sentencing and Corrections Policy: A Systematic Review SECTION VI. Jails and Detention Centers A Mentally Ill Inmate in the Dona Ana County Jail, New Mexico Introduction: The Community Institution Jail Types Jail Inmates and Their Processing Overcrowding Gender, Juveniles, Race, and Ethnicity The Poor and the Mentally Ill Medical Problems Substance Abuse and Jails Suicides, Gangs, and Sexual Violence in Jails Innovations in Jails READING 9. Why Do Some Jail Inmates Not Engage in Treatment and Services? READING 10. National Study of Jail Suicide: 20 Years Later SECTION VII. Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediary Sanctions The Origins of Probation Number and Demographic Characteristics of Offenders on Probation Why Do We Need Community Corrections? The Probation Officer Role Models of Probation Supervision Probation Violations and Graduated Sanctions Probation Officer Stress Engaging the Community to Prevent Recidivism Intermediate Sanctions READING 11. A Probation Profanation: Race, Ethnicity, and Probation in a Midwestern Sample READING 12. Sex Offender Supervision in Context: The Need for Qualitative Examinations of Social Distance in Sex Offender-Supervision Officer Relationships SECTION VIII. Prisons and the Correctional Client Kitchen Supervisor Sexually Abuses Two Male Inmates Introduction: The State of Prisons Prison Organizations Prison Value? Attributes of the Prison That Shape the Experience The Prison Subculture Gangs and the Prison Subculture Violence Solutions: Strategies to Reduce Violence, Mature Coping, and Social Support Special Populations READING 13. Sex Differences in the Predictors of Prisoner Misconduct READING 14. Prison Architecture and Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Assessment SECTION IX. The Corrections Experience for Staff John's Tragic Story Introduction The State of the Work in Correctional Institutions and Programs Why the Need to Require More Education and Training Exists Organizational-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional Workplace Organizational Culture Individual-Level Factors That Affect the Correctional Workplace Correctional Roles The Subculture and Socialization Staff Interactions With Inmates Other Issues for Staff: Stress, Burnout, Turnover Ethics Perceived Benefits of Correctional Work READING 15. Problems at Work: Exploring the Correlates of Role Stress Among Correctional Staff READING 16. Gendered Adherence: Correctional Officers and Therapeutic Reform in a Reentry Facility SECTION X. Community Corrections: Parole and Prisoner Reentry The Perils of Parole What Is Parole? Parole Boards What Goes In Must Come Out: Prisoner Reentry Into the Community The Impact of Imprisonment and Reentry on Communities What Makes for a Successful Reentry? Determining Parole "Success" Parole Violations and Graduated Sanctions House Arrest, Electronic Monitoring, and Global Positioning Systems Concluding Remarks on Reentry and Recidivism READING 17. Examining the Predictors of Recidivism Among Men and Women Released From Prison in Ohio READING 18. Prisoner Reentry in a Small Metropolitan Community: Obstacles and Policy Recommendations SECTION XI. Women and Corrections Supervising Is Different for Women Introduction History and Growth Current Figures on the Number of Women and Girls in Corrections Females in Corrections: Needs, Programming, Abuse, and Adjustment Female Correctional Officers READING 19. A Historical Review of Mother and Child Programs for Incarcerated Women READING 20. Examining External Support Received in Prison and Concerns About Reentry Among Incarcerated Women SECTION XII. Minorities and Corrections Undocumented Workers and Their Side of the Story Introduction Defining Race, Ethnicity, Disparity, and Discrimination A Legacy of Racism The Connection Between Class and Race/Ethnicity Minorities: Policies and Practices That Have Resulted in Increased Incarceration Minorities: Adjustment to Incarceration Minorities Working in Corrections READING 21. Racial Desegregation in Prisons READING 22. Mass Incarceration Through a Different Lens: Race, Subcontext, and Perceptions of Punitiveness of Correctional Alternatives When Compared to Prison SECTION XIII. Juveniles and Corrections Too Young for Life Introduction: Delinquency and Status Offending The Extent of Delinquency The Juvenile Brain and Juvenile Behavior History and Philosophy of Juvenile Justice Childhood in the United States The Beginning of the Juvenile Courts Processing Juvenile Offenders Juvenile Community Corrections Intensive Probation Residential and Institutional Juvenile Corrections READING 23. Juvenile Justice: The Legacy of Punitive Policy READING 24. Managing the Threat of Violence: Coping Strategies Among Juvenile Inmates SECTION XIV. Legal Issues in Corrections Prison Without Law Introduction The Rule of Law The Hands-Off Period: 1866-1963 The Prisoners' Rights Period: 1964-1978 The Deference Period: 1979-Present First Amendment Fourth Amendment Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment The Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders Curtailing Prisoner Petitions Legal Issues in Probation and Parole READING 25. Correctional Officer Excessive Use of Force: Civil Liability Under Section 1983 READING 26. Transgender Inmates in Prisons: A Review of Applicable Statutes and Policies SECTION XV. Correctional Programming and Treatment Life's Turning Points The Rise and Fall (and Rise Again) of Rehabilitation The Shift From "Nothing Works" to "What Works?" Evidence-Based Practices Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Substance Abuse Programming Anger Management Sex Offenders and Their Treatment Mentally Ill Offenders READING 27. Reducing Institutional Disorder: Using the Inmate Risk Assessment for Segregation Placement to Triage Treatment Services at the Front End of Prison Sentences READING 28. Gender Differences in Prison-Based Drug Treatment Participation SECTION XVI. The Death Penalty A Very Unusual, Very Expensive Serial Killer The Death Penalty and Public Opinion Methods of Execution Used in the United States Legal Challenges to the Death Penalty Does the Death Penalty Deter? Financial Costs and the Death Penalty Women and the Death Penalty The Death Penalty and Mental Disability The Death Penalty and Mental Illness The Innocence Revolution READING 29. The Execution of Wallace Wilkerson: Precedent and Portent READING 30. How Would You Like to Die? Glossip v. Gross Deals Blow to Abolitionists SECTION XVII. Corrections in the 21st Century Introduction: Learning From the Past So That We Have Hope for the Future Punitive Policies Yield Overuse of Corrections Decarceration Professionalization Corrections Is a Relationship Business Privatization Concluding Thoughts READING 31. The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model Revisited: Using Biosocial Criminology to Enhance Offender Rehabilitation READING 32. Decarceration and Its Possible Effects on Inmates, Staff, and Communities Glossary References Index