Introduction to Cyber Politics and Policy

Dr. Mary Manjikian is Associate Dean and Professor at Regent University. A former US Foreign Service Officer with service in The Netherlands, Russia and Bulgaria, Manjikian was a Fulbright Scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study at Durham University. She has also served as an External Research Associate at the US Army War College. She is the author of Apocalypse and Post-Politics: The Romance of the End (Lexington Books, 2012); Threat Talk: Comparing the Discourse of Internet Addiction and User Protection in China and the United States (Ashgate: 2012); The Securitization of Property Squatting in Western Europe (Routledge, 2013) and Cybersecurity Ethics: An Introduction (Routledge, 2017). Her work has also appeared in International Studies Quarterly, International Feminist Journal of Politics, International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, and Intelligence and National Security.

Preface About the Author Acknowledgments 1. A Brief History of the Internet What is the internet? The infancy of the internet (1963-1984) The period of growth and early regulation (1984-2000) The Securitization and Militarization of Cyberspace (2000-2012) The Era of Surveillance and Big Data (2008-present) Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 2. The Internet, Technology Studies, and International Relations Who decides what a technology is for? Critical Issues: What are Digital Human Rights? People and Places: The Great Firewall of China The Uniqueness Debate A World Apart or an Extension of Terrestrial Space? People and Places: What Is the Dark Web? Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 3. A Realist View of Cyberspace The Foundations of the Interstate System: A Quick Review A Realist View of Cyberthreat People and Places: What Is the Fifth Domain of Warfare? Critical Issues: Measuring Cyber capability Tools of the Trade: Hacks, Spoofs, and Computer Network Exploitation (CNE) Constructing Alliances in Cyberspace The Beginning of Cyberwar People and Places: The First Cyber Attack-Stuxnet Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 4. Liberal Internationalism, Cooperation, and Regimes What Is Liberal Internationalism? Liberal Internationalism in Cyberspace How do states cooperate to regulate cyberspace? People and Places: ASEAN's Cybersecurity Regime Opposing the Liberal Internationalist View Critical Issues: Cryptocurrency and the International Economy People and Places: The 2016 Attack on the Central Bank of Bangladesh Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 5. Constructivism and the Creation of Cybersecurity Threat What is Constructivism? Critical Issues: Politics of the Digital Silk Road Building a Bridge: Internet Naming and Routing Protocols Neither a Battlefield Nor a Village: Language "Constructs" the Internet Building a Bridge: The Physical Structure of the Internet The Birth of Critical Infrastructure People and Places: What Is Critical Infrastructure? The Militarization of Cyberspace Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 6. Governing the Internet Norms and Cyberspace Norms The Cyber Sovereignty Position Russia's Cyber Realist View of Cyberspace Global Governance in Cyberspace Can International Norms regarding Human Rights Be Grafted onto Cyberspace? Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 7. Cybercrime Does the Internet Encourage Crime? The State's Role in Combating Cybercrime Crime as a Social Construct Critical issues: Should People and Organizations Be "Banned" from the Internet? An International Convention on Cybercrime? Defining Cybercrime Regulation and Responsibility: Who Is Liable? States and Firms Cooperate: The Example of a Botnet Takedown The Rise of Anticipatory Policing But Is It a Crime? The Case of WikiLeaks Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 8. Private Actors in Cyberspace What Is a Platform? What are Technology Actors? Are Technology Actors Competitors to States within the International System? Technology Actors as Gatekeepers Technology Actors as Platforms Technology Actors, Responsibility, and Liability What Is Corporate Social Responsibility? Critical Issues: Introducing the BAT: Monopoly Technology Actors in China Is Facebook a Monopoly, and Does It Need to Be Broken Up? Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 9. States and Private Actors Cooperating in Cyberspace What are Public-Private Partnerships? The Emergence of PPPs in the Cybersecurity Arena PPPs and the Conduct of Cyberwar Critiquing PPPs: Is What's Good for General Motors Also Good for America? Platforms as Foreign Policy Actors Today International Legal Challenges in Cloud Computing Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 10. Ethics, Norms, and Rules What Are Ethics? Ethical Lenses for Considering Cyber Values Critical Issues: Information Privacy The Emergence of Cyber Norms Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 11. Cyber Conflict What is Cybersecurity? Critical Issues: Space Security Defining Acts of War Critical Issues: Who Is Winning the Cyber Arms Race? Is Cyberwar Illegal or Unethical? Creating International Rules Governing CyberWarfare Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading 12. Looking toward the Future What Is an Emerging Technology? Selected Future Challenges: Big Data Critical Issues: Quantum Computing Selected Future Challenges: Artificial Intelligence Critical Issues: The Politics of Neural Networks Critical Issues: Should the United Nations Ban Autonomous Weapons? Critical Issues: Smart Cities Conclusion Questions for Discussion Key Terms For Further Reading Glossary Notes Index

"Great book on history of internet and all the related issues with many controversial topics for discussion." "Great book on history of internet and all the related issues with many controversial topics for discussion." -- Ranette H. Halverson "[Intro to Cyber Politics and Policy] good text for a course on Cyberspace and International Affairs for undergraduates. [The text] provides a central resource for my classes where previously I would rely on a lot of different texts drawn from books, articles and other online resources to cobble together the right content for students." -- Christopher Whyte "A book with style and flare for the elite." -- Adell Brooks "This text is about one of the most important topics in our cyber globalized world. It offers a comprehensive overview of virtually any topic critical to policy makers, academics and practitioners in the cyber security world." -- Ronald W. Vardy "Introduction to Cyber Politics is a welcome addition to the world of international relations literature in a new and complex policy arena. It's a first-of-its-kind resource covering state-sponsored cyber threats and international regimes to cryptocurrencies and cybercrime, all in one volume." -- Holly Dragoo