Communication and Sport 4/e

Dr. Andrew C. Billings (Ph.D., Indiana University, 1999) is the Ronald Reagan Chair of Broadcasting, Executive Director of the Alabama Program in Sports Communication, and Professor in the Department of Journalism & Creative Media at the University of Alabama. His research interests lie in the intersection of sport, mass media, and consumption habits. With 20 books and over 200 journal articles and book chapters, he is one of the most published sports media scholars in the world. His books include Olympic Media: Inside the Biggest Show on Television (Routledge, 2008), Mascot Nation: The Controversy Over Native American Mascots in Sports (with Jason Edward Black, University of Illinois Press, 2019), Media and the Coming Out of Gay Male Athletes in American Team Sports (with Leigh M. Moscowitz, Peter Lang, 2019) and The Rise and Fall of Mass Communication (with William L. Benoit, Peter Lang, 2020). His journal outlets include the Journal of Communication, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Communication & Sport, Mass Communication & Society, and the Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. His writings have been translated into five languages. He has lectured in nations around the world, from Spain to China to Austria. He serves as Associate Editor for both Communication & Sport and Journal of Global Sport Management as well as a book series, "Communication, Sport, and Society" with Peter Lang Press. His work in the classroom has also earned him many teaching awards. He has been interviewed over 600 times by media outlets ranging from The New York Times to The Los Angeles Times to ESPN. Billings has also consulted with many sports media agencies and is a past holder of the Invited Chair of Olympism at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Before joining the faculty at Alabama, he was at Clemson University (1999-2001). He is an avid Green Bay Packers fan and pop culture watcher. Dr. Michael L. Butterworth (Ph.D., Indiana University, 2006) is the Director of the Center for Sports Communication & Media, the Governor Ann W. Richards Chair for the Texas Program in Sports and Media, and Professor in the Department of Communication Studies at The University of Texas at Austin. His research explores the connections between rhetoric, democracy, and sport, with particular interests in national identity, militarism, and public memory. He is the author of Baseball and Rhetorics of Purity: The National Pastime and American Identity during the War on Terror, co-author (with Andrew Billings and Paul Turman) of Communication and Sport: Surveying the Field, editor of Sport and Militarism: Contemporary Global Perspectives, and co-editor (with Daniel A. Grano) of Sport, Rhetoric, and Political Struggle. Dr. Butterworth's essays have appeared in journals such as Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, Communication and Sport, Communication, Culture & Critique, Critical Studies in Media Communication, the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, the Journal of Communication, the Journal of Sport & Social Issues, the Quarterly Journal of Speech, and Rhetoric & Public Affairs. Dr. Butterworth serves as Vice Chair of the Sports Communication Interest Group for the International Communication Association. He previously served as the Chair of the Communication and Sport Division for the National Communication Association and was the Founding Executive Director of the International Association for Communication and Sport. Dr. Butterworth earned his Ph.D. in Rhetoric and Public Culture at Indiana University-Bloomington and has an M.A. in Communication and a B.A. in Political Science from Northern Illinois University. He is an avid Chicago Cubs fan and can easily be distracted with conversations about sports, politics, and music.

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1. Introduction to Communication and Sport Communication and Sport Perspectives and Approaches References Chapter 2. Community in Sport Player 1: The Participant Player 2: Sports Organizations Player 3: Sports Media Entities Player 4: The Fan Community of Sport in the 21st Century: Changing "Player" Roles References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 3. Sport Media: Navigating the Landscape Sport and Traditional Media Sport and New Media Sport and Social Media Sport and User-Generated Media Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 4. Sport Fan Cultures Sport Fan Types Sport Fan Motivations Sport Fan Identification Sport Fan Rituals Fan Communities Online Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 5. Sport and Mythology The Language of Myth Sport Myth Sport and Ritual Sport Heroes Sport as Religion Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 6. Gender in Sport A History of Women's Sports Participation Hegemonic Masculinity in Sport Gendered Coverage of Sport Gendered Language in Sport Categorical Differences in Gendered Media Dialogue Opportunities for Men and Women in Sport Globalization and Change Agency References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 7. Race and Ethnicity in Sport History of Ethnicity in American Sport Participation and Sport Selection Media Exposure and Stacking Media Dialogues Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 8. Politics and Nationalism in Sport Sport as a Political Resource Sport and the Language of Politics and War Sport and National Identity Sport and Globalization Sport and Activism Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 9. Performing Identity in Sport Performance of Gender and Sexuality Performance of Race and Ethnicity Performance of Disability and Mental Health Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 10. Interpersonal Communication in Sport Changing Sports Culture: Game Versus Sport Sport Socialization Family Sports Interaction Sport Outcomes and Coaching Leadership Orientations Communication Contexts Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 11. Small Groups/Teams in Sport Team/Group Cohesion The Coach's Impact on Cohesion Group/Team Processes in Sport Sport and Communication Cultures Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 12. Crisis Communication in Sport Organizations Sense-Making and Behavioral Expectations Situational Crisis Communication Theory Image Repair and Apologia Sport Antapologia Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 13. The Commodification of Sport The Sports/Media Complex Corporate Sponsorship Identity for Sale Nostalgia Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Chapter 14. Sport Gaming Fantasy Sports Sports Gaming Sports Gambling Conclusion References Suggested Additional Reading Index