Environmental Land Use Planning and Management 2/e

Front Cover

About Island Press

Subscribe

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: A Framework for Environmental Land Use Planning and Management

Chapter 1: Environmental Management for Sustainability

What Is Environmental Management for Sustainability?

Participants and Roles in Sustainable Environmental Management

The Market

Civil Society

Environmental Management: A Reflection of Social Cutlture, Values, and Ethics

The Evolution of Environmentalism

Worldviews of Sustainability

From Movement to Management

Toward Sustainability

Summary and Next Steps

Historical Perspectives on Urban and Environmental Planning

Four Classic Approaches to Environmental Planning

Environmental Design

Environmental Economics

Environmental Evaluation

Environmental Politics

Participation, Collaboration, and Conflict Resolution

Environmental Law

The Planner as Technician, as Information Source

The Planner as Negotiator Amound Interests, Mediator of Conflicts

The Planner as Designer, as Visionary

Environmental Planning in the Twenty-First Century

Summary

Planning Challenges and Responses Around the World

Bridging the Green (Natural) and Brown (Built) Environmental Agendas

Strategic Spatial Planning to Manage Land Use and Infrastructure

Creating Green, Healthy, Safe, Just, Livable, and Sustainable Communities

The Government Response to Sprawl: Smart Growth Management

The Design Response to Sprawl: Compact, Mixed-Use, and Ecological Development

The Metropolitan Response to Sprawl: The Regional City

Mangaing and Greening Shrinking Cities

Managing Small Towns and Rural Landscapes

Land Use and Environmental Protection

Land Use and Natural Hazards

Land Use and Human Envionmental Health

Land Use Impacts on Hydrologic Systems

Land Use Impacts on Energy and Material Consumption

A Framework for Comprehensive and Strategic Land Use Planning

Regional or Areawide Plan

Community-wide Land Use Plan

District and Small-Area Plans

Summary, Conclusions, and Emerging Practices

Chapter 4: Collaborative Environmental Planning and Learning for Sustainability

Strong Democracy, Shared and Social Capital, Informality, and Power

The Evolution of Collaborative Planning: From Nonparticipation to Collaborative Learning

Learning Networks

Participatory Appraisal

Open Source Planning and

Crowdsourcing

Collaborative Community Design Adaptive Collaborative Management

Community-Based Sustainability Programs

Citizen Environmental and Sustainability Monitoring

Collaborative Environmental Planning Types and Objectives

Stakeholder Involvement

Opportunities and Barries in Collaborative Environmental Planning Considerations in Desgining a Participation/Collaboration Process

Who Should Be Involved?

How Should Participation Be Evaluated?

Tools for Participation and Collaboration

Summary

Part II: Environmental Planning: Technical Principles and Analysis

Chapter 5: Evironmental Data and Geospatial Analysis

A Tiered Process

Considerations and Pitfalls in Using Data and Information

Information Sources and Field Data Maps

Topographic Maps

Planimetric/Thematic Maps: Land Use/Land Cover Maps Remote Sensing Information: Aerial Photos and Satellite Imagery

Remote Sensing Fundamentals

Aerial Photos

Satellite Imagery and Data

Land Use/Land Cover Revisited: The National Land Cover Database Geographic Information Systems

Data Layers and Formats

Operations and Analysis in GIS

Examples of GIS Products

Web Map Serving

GIS Data Access

Public Participation GIS

GIS Mashups: Integrating and Networking Geospatial Imagery

The Power and Pitfalls of GIS

The Promise and Prospects of Geospatial Data and Technology

Summary Land Use Properties and Soil Quality

Soil Stability: Strength and Movement

Drainability

Erodibility

Capacity to Support Vegetation Soil Quality and Soil Degradation Soil Surveys and Interpretive Soils Mapping

The Web Soil Survey and Interpretive Soil Suitability Mapping

Geospatial Soil Survey Data Land Application of Wastes

Sewage Sludge Biosilds Onsite Wastewater Systems

Siting and System Design

Decentralized Wastewater Systems and Land Use

Managing Decentralized Systems Soil Erosion Assessment Using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation

RUSLE2 Computer Software

The Erodibility Index and Highly Erodible Soil

Urban Erosion and Sediment Control Urban Soil

Agricultural Land Conversion

Establishing the LESA System in a Country

Applying LESA to Specific Sites

A Critique of LESA Urban Agriculture and Food Systems Planning

Farmers Markets

Community Composting Programs Summary

Chapter 7: Water and Land Use: Stream Flow, Flooding, and Runoff Pollution

The Water Balance

Overland Drainage: Runoff and Watersheds

Channel Processes and Geomorphology Land Use, Stream Flow, and Predicting Peak Discharge Predicting Peak Discharge

The Rational Method

The Win TR-55 Method: Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds

The Watershed Simulation Models

Peak Discharge, Flooding, and Flood Hazard Maps Water Quality Fundamentals

Water Pollutants

Water Bodies and Beneficial Uses

Water Quality Criteria and Standards Impaired Waters in the United States

Stream Flow and Water Quality Data

Land Use Practices and Nonpoint Sources (NPS) Pollution Effects of Land Use on Stream Health and Integrity

Stream Integrity and Impervious Surfaces Stream Assessment

The Watershed Survey

Stream Walk and Visual Assessment

Assessing Channel Capacity and Excessive Channel Erosion

Summary

Testing Channel Capacity

Example of the Procedure for Testing Channel Capacity

Example Solution

A Streamside Biosurvey

Chapter 8: Stormwater Management and Watershed Restoration

Integrating Stormwater Quality Control and Flood Damage Mitigation

Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and MS4 Stormwater Permits

Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources in TMDL and Watershed Implementation Plans

Incorporating Onsite Stormwater Controls in Sustainable Community Design

Institutionalizing Stormwater Management

State

Stormwater Control Standards and Design Manuals

Local Stormwater Programs, Ordinances, Utilities, Fees Stormwater Control Measures

Low-Impact Development and Light-Imprint Design

Integrating SCMs Across the Watershed

Neighborhood Desin Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Storage

Green Roofs, Ecoroofs, and Roof Gardens Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Infiltration

Infiltration Basins, Planters, and Trenches

Pervious Pavements

Swales

Curb Cuts and Curb Extension Bioretention Swales

Onsite and Neighborhood SCM: Primarily Filtration and Treatment

Concentrated Flow SCMs

The Effectiveness of Stormwater Control Measures

Selecting and Sizing Stormwater Controls Stream and Watershed Restoration

Stream and Corridor Restoration

Watershed Restoration and Management Plans

Summary

Groundwater Hydrology Fundamentals

Aquifers and Recharge

Piezometric (Potentimetric) Surface and the Cone of Depression

Groundwater Flow and Relationship to Surface Water

Impervious Surface and Groundwater Recharge

Groundwater Contamination

Assessing Groundwater

DRASTIC: Mapping Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility

Groundwater Modeling

Source Water Assessments under SDWA

Sole Source Aquifer Designation

Inventorying and Assessing Threats and Potential Sources of Contamination

Developing and Implementing Groundwater Protections Measures

Summary

Fundamentals of Landscape and Urban Ecology

Landscape Ecology

Urban Ecology

Classifying, Inventorying, and Mapping Vegetation

Vegetative Buffers

Urban Forestry

Urban and Regional Forest Canopy Analysis

Developing a Community Forest Management Strategy

Inventorying and Evaluating the Urban Forest

Planning Analysis for Increasing Forest Cover in Urban Areas

Conserving and Planting Trees at Development Sites

Tree Planting to Increase the Urban Forest Cover

Policies to Increase Cover in Urban Watersheds

The Role of Urban Forestry

Wetlands Protection and Management

The National Wetlands Inventory

Wetland Conversion and Alteration

Wetland Protection, Mitigation, Restoration, and Creation

Federal Wetlands Regulation

Wetland Mitgation Banking

State Wetland Programs

Local Wetland Programs

Costal Zone Ecology and Management

Costal Zone Management Elements and Measures

State CZM Programs: The California Coastal Commision

Estuarine and Wetland Protection

Summary

Chapter 11: Wildlife Habitats and Urban Biodiversity

Wildlife Habitat Fundamentals

Functional Connectivity and Habitat Restoration

Habitat Inventories and Evaluation

Focal (Multi-) Species

Diversity Indices

State Wildlife Action Planning

The California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project

Urban Biodiversity and Wildlife Management

Common Failings in Designing Connectivity Corridors

Local and Regional Planning for Wildlife Conectivity: Local Linkage Design

Managing Urban Biodiversity

Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Biodiversity

Green Infrastructure: Integrating Wildlife Habitat and Open Space Planning

Neighborhood and backyard Wildlife Habitat Protection

Conservation Tools of the ESA and Habitat Conservation Planning

The HCP Process

First-Generation HCPs

The No-Surprises Policy and Second-Generation HCPs

Natural Community Conservation Planning in California: Regional Conservation for Multiple Species

San Diego County Multiple Species Conservation Program

Summary

Energy, Urban Air Pollution, and Climate Change

Our Energy Dilemma

Our Urban Air Quality Challenge

Our Climate Chang Imperative

Emissions Trends: Way Up, Not Down

Per Capita Emissions: The Best Indicator of Progress

Its All About Energy (Mostly)

The 450 Scenario

Climate Protection: Mitigating Climate Change from Global to Local

U.S. National Climate Action Policies

Local Climate Action Plans and Policies

1. Low-Carbon Community Technologies and Designs

2. Low-Carbon Community Choice and Behavior

Learning from Climate Action Plans and Their Implementations

Protecting the Climate

Climate Adaptation Planning

State Adaptation Plans

Local Adaptation Plans

Summary

Chapter 13: Natural Hazard Mitigation for Community Resilience

Natural Hazard Mitigation

Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Risk

The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act

Natural Hazard Mitigation Planning

Implementing NHMP

FEMA Mapping Software: HAZUS

Flooding and Flood Hazard Mitigation

Approaches to Flood Hazard Mitigation

Floodplain Management

FEMA Floodplain mapping Service

No Adverse Impact

Coastal Zone Hazards

Coastal Storm and Erosion Hazards

Mitigating Coastal Hazards Through Smart Land Development Practices

Coastal Hazard Zones

Geologic Hazards

Slope Stability

Inventorying and Mapping Landslide Hazards

Seismic Hazards

Earthquake Hazards

Seismic Hazard Mitigation

Wildfire Hazards

Summary

Chapter 14: Integration Methods and Synthesis Metrics