Key Terms
Acronyms
Communicating Uncertainty
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction and Context
- Scope and Purpose
- Linkages and Overlapping Topics of the NCA
- Reliance on the Coastal Zone
- Increasing Population and Changing Land Use
- Changing Coastal Economy
- Resilience on Coastal Ecosystems
- Maintaining a Balance
Chapter 2. Physical Climate Forces
- Overview of Climate and Sea-level-rise Effects on Coasts
- Introduction
- Coastal Landforms and Coastal Change
- Sea-level Rise and Effects on Coasts
- Inundation, Land Loss, and Land Area Close to Present Sea Level
- Historic to Present-day Sea-level Rise
- Other Coastal Climate Change Trends
- The Basis for Concern
- Sea-level Rise and Future Scenarios
- Scenario Planning
- Global Mean Sea-level Rise Scenarios
- Key Uncertainties on the Global Sea-level Rise Scenarios
- Ice Sheet Loss
- Developing Regional and Local Scenarios
- Extreme Events and Future Scenarios
- Changes in Wave Regimes and Circulation Patterns
- Wave Regimes
- Extratropical Storm Waves
- Tropical Cyclone Generated Waves
- Impacts
- Ocean Circulation
- Relative Vulnerability of Coasts
- Physical Setting
- Climate and Non-climate Drivers
- Assessment Results
- Changes in Precipitation Patterns
- Intensification of the Hydrolic Cycle
- Changes in Precipitation Amount
- Increasing Variability in Precipitation
- Changes in Ratio of Snow to Total Precipitation
- Changes in Precipitation in Coastal Alaska
- Changes in Storm Tracks
- Droughts
- Heavy Rainfall and Floods
- Temperature Change Impacts with a Focus on Alaska
- Temperature Trends
- Northern Coastal Response
- Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Processes
Chapter 3. Vulnerability and Impacts on Natural Resources
- Multiple Stressors Interact at the Coast
- Costal Freshwater Availability Threatened by Multi-stressor Interactions
- Estuarine Water Quality Comprised by Multiple Climate Drivers
- Biota, Habitats, and Coastal Landforms that Are Impacted by Complex Stressor Interactions and Subject to - Nonlinear Changes and Tipping Points
- Wetlands
- Mangroves
- Coastal Forests
- Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons
- Barrier Islands
- Deltas
- Mudflats
- Rocky Shores
- Sea-ice Systems
Chapter 4. Vulnerability and Impacts on Human Development
- Overview of Impacts on Human Development and Societal Vulnerability
- Relative Vulnerability, Exposure, and Human Losses
- Socio-Economic Impacts and Implications
- Urban Centers
- Transportation, Ports, and Navigation
- Water Resources and Infrastructure
- Tourism, Recreation, and Cultural Resources
- Real Estate
- Private and Public Insurance
- Emergency Response, Recovery, and Vulnerability Reduction
- Coastal and Nearshore Oil and Gas
- Human Health Impacts and Implications
- Direct Impacts
- Indirect Impacts
- Implications for Coastal Military Installations and Readiness
- Coastal Military Installation Climate- and Global-Change Challenges
- Coastal Installation Vulnerabilities and Combat Service Support Readiness
- Operations and Training Readiness and Natural-Resource Impacts
- DoD Requirements and Programs for Vulnerability and Impact Assessments and Adaptation Planning
Chapter 5. Adaptation and Mitigation
- Adaptation Planning in the Coastal Zone
- Background on Adaptation Planning
- Inventory of Adaptation Planning
- Status of Coastal Adaptation Planning
- Strengths of Coastal Adaptation Planning
- Emerging Planning Practice
- Adaptation Planning Challenges
- Coastal Resource Management and Restoration in the Context of Climate Change
- Climate change Considerations for Coastal Resource Management and Restoration
- Challenges, Needs, and Opportunities
- Tools and Resources
- Assessment and Implementation Tools
- Selecting and Using Tools Appropriately
- Policy and Regulatory Tools
- Coastal Mitigation Opportunities
- Coastal Renewable Technologies
- Carbon Sequestration and Capture Science Gaps
- Managing Living Coastal Resources for Carbon Capture
- Carbon Sequestration and Capture Science Gaps
Chapter 6. Information Gaps and Science Needed to Support Sustainable Coasts
- Science Research Needs to Support Sustainable Coastal Management
- Science-based Tools Needed for Coastal Management and Adaptation Planning
- Future Research Local vs. Regional Studies, Infrastructure, Monitoring, and Co-benefits
Appendix A: Chesapeake Bay Case Study
Appendix B: Gulf of Mexico Case Study
References
Acronyms
Communicating Uncertainty
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction and Context
- Scope and Purpose
- Linkages and Overlapping Topics of the NCA
- Reliance on the Coastal Zone
- Increasing Population and Changing Land Use
- Changing Coastal Economy
- Resilience on Coastal Ecosystems
- Maintaining a Balance
Chapter 2. Physical Climate Forces
- Overview of Climate and Sea-level-rise Effects on Coasts
- Introduction
- Coastal Landforms and Coastal Change
- Sea-level Rise and Effects on Coasts
- Inundation, Land Loss, and Land Area Close to Present Sea Level
- Historic to Present-day Sea-level Rise
- Other Coastal Climate Change Trends
- The Basis for Concern
- Sea-level Rise and Future Scenarios
- Scenario Planning
- Global Mean Sea-level Rise Scenarios
- Key Uncertainties on the Global Sea-level Rise Scenarios
- Ice Sheet Loss
- Developing Regional and Local Scenarios
- Extreme Events and Future Scenarios
- Changes in Wave Regimes and Circulation Patterns
- Wave Regimes
- Extratropical Storm Waves
- Tropical Cyclone Generated Waves
- Impacts
- Ocean Circulation
- Relative Vulnerability of Coasts
- Physical Setting
- Climate and Non-climate Drivers
- Assessment Results
- Changes in Precipitation Patterns
- Intensification of the Hydrolic Cycle
- Changes in Precipitation Amount
- Increasing Variability in Precipitation
- Changes in Ratio of Snow to Total Precipitation
- Changes in Precipitation in Coastal Alaska
- Changes in Storm Tracks
- Droughts
- Heavy Rainfall and Floods
- Temperature Change Impacts with a Focus on Alaska
- Temperature Trends
- Northern Coastal Response
- Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Processes
Chapter 3. Vulnerability and Impacts on Natural Resources
- Multiple Stressors Interact at the Coast
- Costal Freshwater Availability Threatened by Multi-stressor Interactions
- Estuarine Water Quality Comprised by Multiple Climate Drivers
- Biota, Habitats, and Coastal Landforms that Are Impacted by Complex Stressor Interactions and Subject to - Nonlinear Changes and Tipping Points
- Wetlands
- Mangroves
- Coastal Forests
- Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons
- Barrier Islands
- Deltas
- Mudflats
- Rocky Shores
- Sea-ice Systems
Chapter 4. Vulnerability and Impacts on Human Development
- Overview of Impacts on Human Development and Societal Vulnerability
- Relative Vulnerability, Exposure, and Human Losses
- Socio-Economic Impacts and Implications
- Urban Centers
- Transportation, Ports, and Navigation
- Water Resources and Infrastructure
- Tourism, Recreation, and Cultural Resources
- Real Estate
- Private and Public Insurance
- Emergency Response, Recovery, and Vulnerability Reduction
- Coastal and Nearshore Oil and Gas
- Human Health Impacts and Implications
- Direct Impacts
- Indirect Impacts
- Implications for Coastal Military Installations and Readiness
- Coastal Military Installation Climate- and Global-Change Challenges
- Coastal Installation Vulnerabilities and Combat Service Support Readiness
- Operations and Training Readiness and Natural-Resource Impacts
- DoD Requirements and Programs for Vulnerability and Impact Assessments and Adaptation Planning
Chapter 5. Adaptation and Mitigation
- Adaptation Planning in the Coastal Zone
- Background on Adaptation Planning
- Inventory of Adaptation Planning
- Status of Coastal Adaptation Planning
- Strengths of Coastal Adaptation Planning
- Emerging Planning Practice
- Adaptation Planning Challenges
- Coastal Resource Management and Restoration in the Context of Climate Change
- Climate change Considerations for Coastal Resource Management and Restoration
- Challenges, Needs, and Opportunities
- Tools and Resources
- Assessment and Implementation Tools
- Selecting and Using Tools Appropriately
- Policy and Regulatory Tools
- Coastal Mitigation Opportunities
- Coastal Renewable Technologies
- Carbon Sequestration and Capture Science Gaps
- Managing Living Coastal Resources for Carbon Capture
- Carbon Sequestration and Capture Science Gaps
Chapter 6. Information Gaps and Science Needed to Support Sustainable Coasts
- Science Research Needs to Support Sustainable Coastal Management
- Science-based Tools Needed for Coastal Management and Adaptation Planning
- Future Research Local vs. Regional Studies, Infrastructure, Monitoring, and Co-benefits
Appendix A: Chesapeake Bay Case Study
Appendix B: Gulf of Mexico Case Study
References