Key Terms
Acronyms
Communicating Uncertainty
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction
-Scope and Purpose
-Linkages with Other Parts of the National Climate Assessment
Chapter 2. Climate-Driven Physical and Chemical Changes in Marine Ecosystems
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Introduction
-Ocean Temperature and Heat Trapping
-Loss of Arctic Ice
-Salinity
-Stratification
-Changes in Precipitation and Extreme Weather Events
-Ocean Circulation
-Climate Regimes
-Carbon Dioxide Absorption by the Oceans
-Ocean Acidification
-Hypoxia
Chapter 3. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Physiological Responses
-Population and Community Responses
-Ecosystem Structure and Function
-Regime Shifts and Tipping Points
Chapter 4. Impacts of Climate Change on Human Uses of the Ocean and Ocean Services
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Introduction
-Climate Effects on Capture Fisheries
-Offshore Energy Development
-Tourism and Recreation
-Human Health
-Maritime Security and Transportation
-Governance Challenges
-Research and Monitoring Gaps
-Conclusion
Chapter 5. International Implications of Climate Change
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Implications of Climate Change in International Conventions and Treaties
-Climate Change Considerations in Other International Organizations
-Climate Change Considerations by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and Living Marine Resource Conservation Organizations
-Climate Change and Other International Issues
-Martitime Transportation and Security
-Blue Carbon
Chapter 6. Ocean Management Challenges, Adaptation Approaches, and Opportunities in a Changing Climate
Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Challenges and Opportunities for Adaptation in Marine Systems
-Information, Tools, and Services to Support Ocean Adaptation
-Opportunities for Integrating Climate Change into US Ocean Policy and Management
-Emerging Frameworks and Actions for Ocean Adaptation
Chapter 7. Sustaining the Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
-Key Findings
-Challenges to Assessing Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
-Key Steps for Sustained Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
Appendix A: Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the US
-A.1. Commercial and Recreational Fisheries
-A.2. Commercial and Recreational Fishing-dependent Communities
-A.3. Regional Involvement in Commercial and Recreational Fishing
-A.4. Subsistence Fisheries
References
Acronyms
Communicating Uncertainty
Executive Summary
Chapter 1. Introduction
-Scope and Purpose
-Linkages with Other Parts of the National Climate Assessment
Chapter 2. Climate-Driven Physical and Chemical Changes in Marine Ecosystems
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Introduction
-Ocean Temperature and Heat Trapping
-Loss of Arctic Ice
-Salinity
-Stratification
-Changes in Precipitation and Extreme Weather Events
-Ocean Circulation
-Climate Regimes
-Carbon Dioxide Absorption by the Oceans
-Ocean Acidification
-Hypoxia
Chapter 3. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Organisms
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Physiological Responses
-Population and Community Responses
-Ecosystem Structure and Function
-Regime Shifts and Tipping Points
Chapter 4. Impacts of Climate Change on Human Uses of the Ocean and Ocean Services
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Introduction
-Climate Effects on Capture Fisheries
-Offshore Energy Development
-Tourism and Recreation
-Human Health
-Maritime Security and Transportation
-Governance Challenges
-Research and Monitoring Gaps
-Conclusion
Chapter 5. International Implications of Climate Change
-Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Implications of Climate Change in International Conventions and Treaties
-Climate Change Considerations in Other International Organizations
-Climate Change Considerations by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and Living Marine Resource Conservation Organizations
-Climate Change and Other International Issues
-Martitime Transportation and Security
-Blue Carbon
Chapter 6. Ocean Management Challenges, Adaptation Approaches, and Opportunities in a Changing Climate
Executive Summary
-Key Findings
-Key Science Gaps/Knowledge Needs
-Challenges and Opportunities for Adaptation in Marine Systems
-Information, Tools, and Services to Support Ocean Adaptation
-Opportunities for Integrating Climate Change into US Ocean Policy and Management
-Emerging Frameworks and Actions for Ocean Adaptation
Chapter 7. Sustaining the Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
-Key Findings
-Challenges to Assessing Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
-Key Steps for Sustained Assessment of Climate Impacts on Oceans and Marine Resources
Appendix A: Status of and Climate Change Impacts to Commercial, Recreational, and Subsistence Fisheries in the US
-A.1. Commercial and Recreational Fisheries
-A.2. Commercial and Recreational Fishing-dependent Communities
-A.3. Regional Involvement in Commercial and Recreational Fishing
-A.4. Subsistence Fisheries
References