Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Introduction: The Pastoral Writings of 1518 to 1520
Chapter One: The Practical Early Luther
Piety and Vernacular Literature
The Search for the Reformation Discovery
Confessional Polemics and Luther’s Religiosity
Luther as Pastor
Practical Theology in Early Modern Europe: Mysticism, Monasticism, and Scholasticism
Chapter Two: Scholasticism, Indulgences, and Christian Life: 1516–1517
Luther’s Work in Wittenberg
Luther’s Early Lectures
The First Pastoral Writings
Anti-Scholastic Initiatives in Wittenberg
The Practice of Indulgences
Luther’s Earliest Comments on Indulgences
The Treatise on Indulgences
The Ninety-Five Theses and the Letter to Archbishop Albrecht
Conclusion: Interpreting the Indulgence Controversy
Chapter Three: Reshaping Confession, Reorienting Piety: Lent 1518
From the Ninety-Five Theses to the Heidelberg Disputation
Preparing for Confession: The Centrality of the Ten Commandments
The Goal of Confession: Faith in the Words of Absolution
Satisfaction, Suffering, and Good Works
Meditating on the Passion, Embracing Suffering
Redefining Relics, Prayer, and the Saints
Conclusion: Reorienting Piety
Chapter Four: Piety in the Shadow of Conflict: Summer 1518
From the Heidelberg Disputation to the Meeting with Cajetan
Penance and Polemics
Sin, Sincerity, and Suffering
Conclusion: Piety and the Reformation Discovery
Chapter Five: Reforming Prayer and Good Works: Early 1519
From the Meeting with Cajetan to the Leipzig Debate
Revisiting Penance and the Passion
“Lifting Up the Heart”: Instruction on Prayer
Religious Works and Good Works
Piety and the Papacy
Conclusion: Escalating Conflict, Expanding Criticisms
Chapter Six: Reinterpreting Sacraments and Saints: Fall 1519 to Summer 1520
From the Leipzig Debate to Excommunication
Confession in a New Key
Baptism and Christian Life
The Communion of the Saints
Suffering with the Saints
Dying in the Faith
The Practice of Usury and the Works of Faith
Conclusion: The Piety of a New Church
Conclusion: Piety and Luther’s Protest
Appendix
Works Cited
Index
About the Author