Contents IllustrationsPreface 1. Re-thinking variable properties in language: IntroductionDavid W. Lightfoot and Jonathan Havenhill 2. Contrastive feature hierarchies in phonology: Variation and universalityB. Elan Dresher 3. Scope variation in contrastive hierarchies of morphosyntactic featuresElizabeth Cowper and Daniel Currie Hall 4. Allophonic systems as a variable within individual speakersBetsy Sneller 5. A label theoretic explanation of the resultative parameterDaniel Milway 6. Adverbial -s: so awks but so natural!Norbert Corver 7. The acquisition of English article alternations: Variation, competition, and the defaultMarjorie Pak 8. Verb second word order in Norwegian heritage language: Syntax and pragmaticsMarit Westergaard and Terje Lohndal 9. Acquisition of morphosyntax: A pattern learning approachHeidi Getz 10. How to be faithful to the input in a situation of language contactAlicia Avellana, Lucia Brandani, Hannah Forsythe, and Cristina Schmitt 11. Variation and mental representationGregory Guy 12. Variation and competing I-languages in creole genesis: A synchronic and diachronic viewMarlyse Baptista 13. Transmission revisited Gillian Sankoff 14. The value of small communities in a big data world: Investigating Smith Island English in real and apparent timeNatalie Schilling 15. All zeros are not equal in African American EnglishLisa Green ContributorsIndex