A historical look at the roots of management theory reveals its flaws and offers important lessons for today's leaders For four thousand years, kings and queens ruled the known world, while management experts-in the guises of sages, clerics, and courtiers of all kinds-told them how to do it. These proto-experts in leadership, ethics, and strategy wrote books describing the perfect prince. In such books, rulers could seek and polish their own reflection, as in a looking glass. These books were called mirrors for princes. Mirrors for Princes documents the cliches of this genre of literature. Typical mirrors taught the same formula, over and over: that people behave badly because of their pursuit of self-interest, which needs to be harnessed to a common goal by the ruler or leader. Eighteenth-century revolutions spelled the demise of princes and led to books that sought instruct them. Today, the cliches of mirrors for princes live on in modern mirrors for managers. The rhetoric of common goals and transformational leadership has a pleasing resonance for top managers, affirming their authority, just as it did for kings and queens in mirrors for princes. Keeley's goal is to sensitize readers to these cliches and to provide today's business leaders with the tools to think more critically when reading business books. Mirrors for Princes concludes with advice for writers of management literature, suggesting how organizational theorists and business ethicists might avoid replicating the cliches of mirrors for princes by adopting a social-contract model of organizations.
