Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology

Robert S. Weinberg, PhD, is a professor emeritus in the department of sport leadership and management at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He has more than 40 years of experience in both the scholarly and applied aspects of sport psychology. He has written numerous research articles, including more than 175 refereed articles in scholarly journals, as well as books, book chapters, and applied articles for coaches, athletes, and exercisers. Weinberg was voted one of the top 10 sport psychologists in North America by his peers. He is past president of the North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) and of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP). He is also a certified AASP consultant, consulting with athletes of all sports and ages. Weinberg was named a Distinguished Scholar at Miami University in 2005. In addition, he was the editor of the Journal of Applied Sport Psychology and was voted Outstanding Faculty Member in the School of Education and Allied Professions at Miami University in 1998. In his leisure time, he enjoys playing tennis, traveling, and gardening. Daniel Gould, PhD, is the former director of the Institute for the Study of Youth Sports and the emeritus Gwendolyn Norrell Professor of Youth Sport and Student Athlete Development in the department of kinesiology at Michigan State University. He has taught sport psychology for more than 40 years. An active researcher, Gould was the founding coeditor of The Sport Psychologist and has published more than 200 articles on sport psychology. He is best known for conducting applied research that links research and practice. Gould was voted one of the top 10 sport psychology specialists in North America and is internationally known, having presented his work in more than 30 countries. When on the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, he received the university's coveted Alumni Teaching Excellence Award, an all-campus teaching honor. He is certified as a consultant by the Association for Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) and is a member of the United States Olympic Committee Sport Psychology Registry. Gould is the former president of AASP and SHAPE America's Sport Psychology Academy. In addition to teaching sport psychology, he is extensively involved in coaching education, from youth sports to Olympic competition. He also serves as a mental skills training consultant for professional, Olympic, and world-class athletes. In recent years he has served as an executive coach for business leaders interested in enhancing their organizations' performance. He lives in Okemos, Michigan, with his wife, Deb. He is a proud father of two sons, Kevin and Brian. In his leisure time, he enjoys swimming, doing fitness activities, and spending time with his family.

Part I. Beginning Your Journey Chapter 1. Welcome to Sport and Exercise Psychology Defining Sport and Exercise Psychology Specializing in Sport and Exercise Psychology Distinguishing Between Two Specialties Reviewing the History of Sport and Exercise Psychology Learning Aids Chapter 2. Science and Professional Practice of Sport and Exercise Psychology Bridging Science and Practice Choosing From Many Sport and Exercise Psychology Orientations Understanding Present and Future Trends Learning Aids Part II. Learning About Participants Chapter 3. Personality and Sport Defining Personality Understanding Personality Structure Studying Personality From Six Viewpoints Measuring Personality Using Psychological Measures Focusing on Personality Research Examining Cognitive Strategies and Success Identifying Your Role in Understanding Personality Learning Aids Chapter 4. Motivation Defining Motivation Reviewing Three Approaches to Motivation Building Motivation With Five Guidelines Developing a Realistic View of Motivation Understanding Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness Identifying Four Theories of Achievement Motivation Developing Achievement Motivation and Competitiveness Using Achievement Motivation in Professional Practice Learning Aids Chapter 5. Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety Defining Arousal and Anxiety Measuring Arousal and Anxiety Defining Stress and Understanding the Stress Process Identifying Sources of Stress and Anxiety Connecting Arousal and Anxiety to Performance Applying Knowledge to Professional Practice Learning Aids Part III. Understanding Sport and Exercise Environments Chapter 6. Competition and Cooperation Defining Competition and Cooperation Viewing Competition as a Process Reviewing Studies of Competition and Cooperation Determining Whether Competition Is Good or Bad Enhancing Cooperation Learning Aids Chapter 7. Feedback, Reinforcement, and Intrinsic Motivation Principles of Reinforcement Approaches to Influencing Behavior Guidelines for Using Positive Reinforcement Guidelines for Using Punishment Behavior Modification in Sport Behavior Modification and Cognitive Behavior Therapy Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Rewards Cognitive Evaluation Theory How Extrinsic Rewards Affect Intrinsic Motivation in Sport Strategies for Increasing Intrinsic Motivation Flow-A Special Case of Intrinsic Motivation Learning Aids Chapter 8. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Definition of Culture, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Cultural Competence Cultural Sport and Exercise Psychology Research Benefits of Diversity and Inclusion Strategies for Diversifying Sport and Physical Activity and Creating Inclusive Environments Learning Aids Part IV. Focusing on Group Processes Chapter 9. Team Dynamics and Cohesion Recognizing the Difference Between Groups and Teams Identifying Three Theories of Group Development Understanding Group Structure Creating an Effective Team Climate Maximizing Individual Performance in Team Sports Definition of Cohesion Conceptual Model of Cohesion Tools for Measuring Cohesion Relationship Between Cohesion and Performance Other Factors Associated With Cohesion Strategies for Enhancing Cohesion Guidelines for Building Team Cohesion Learning Aids Chapter 10. Leadership Definition of Leadership Approaches to Studying Leadership Sport-Oriented Interactional Approaches to Leadership Research on the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership Leadership Training Interventions Four Components of Effective Leadership The Art of Leadership Learning Aids Chapter 11. Communication Understanding the Communication Process Sending Messages Effectively Receiving Messages Effectively Recognizing Breakdowns in Communication Improving Communication Dealing With Confrontation and Conflict Delivering Constructive Criticism Learning Aids Part V. Improving Performance Chapter 12. Introduction to Psychological Skills Training What Psychological Skills Training Entails Why PST Is Important Why Sport and Exercise Participants Neglect PST Myths About PST PST Knowledge Base PST Effectiveness Three Phases of PST Programs Self-Regulation: The Ultimate Goal of PST Who Should Conduct PST Programs When to Implement a PST Program PST Program Development Common Problems in Implementing PST Programs Learning Aids Chapter 13. Arousal Regulation Increasing Self-Awareness of Arousal Using Anxiety Reduction Techniques Exploring the Matching Hypothesis Coping With Adversity Using Arousal-Inducing Techniques Learning Aids Chapter 14. Imagery Defining Imagery Uses of Imagery Evidence of Imagery's Effectiveness Imagery in Sport: Where, When, Why, and What Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of Imagery How Imagery Works Keys to Effective Imagery How to Develop an Imagery Training Program When to Use Imagery Learning Aids Chapter 15. Self-Confidence Defining Self-Confidence Understanding How Expectations Influence Performance Examining Self-Efficacy Theory Assessing Self-Confidence Building Self-Confidence Learning Aids Chapter 16. Goal Setting Definition of Goals Effectiveness of Goal Setting Principles of Goal Setting Development of Group Goals Design of a Goal-Setting System Common Problems in Goal Setting Learning Aids Chapter 17. Concentration Defining Concentration Explaining Attentional Focus: Three Processes Connecting Concentration to Optimal Performance Identifying Types of Attentional Focus Recognizing Attentional Problems Mindfulness Using Self-Talk to Enhance Concentration Assessing Attentional Skills Improving Concentration Learning Aids Part VI. Enhancing Health and Well-Being Chapter 18. Exercise and Psychological Well-Being Mental Health Reducing Anxiety and Depression With Exercise Understanding the Effect of Exercise on Psychological Well-Being Changing Personality and Cognitive Functioning With Exercise Enhancing Quality of Life With Exercise Examining the Runner's High Using Exercise as an Adjunct to Therapy Learning Aids Chapter 19. Exercise Behavior and Adherence Reasons to Exercise Reasons for Not Exercising Problem of Exercise Adherence Theories and Models of Exercise Behavior Determinants of Exercise Adherence Settings for Exercise Interventions Strategies for Enhancing Adherence to Exercise Guidelines for Improving Exercise Adherence Learning Aids Chapter 20. Athletic Injuries and Psychology What Is Injury? Causes and Predictors of Injury Relationship Between Stress and Injury Other Psychologically Based Explanations for Injury Psychological Reactions to Exercise and Athletic Injuries Role of Sport Psychology in Injury Rehabilitation Identify Athletes and Exercisers Who Are at Risk for Injury Learning Aids Chapter 21. Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviors Eating Disorders Substance Abuse Addiction to Exercise Compulsive Gambling Learning Aids Chapter 22. Burnout and Overtraining Definitions of Overtraining, Staleness, and Burnout Frequency of Overtraining, Staleness, and Burnout Models of Burnout Factors Leading to Athlete Overtraining and Burnout Symptoms of Overtraining and Burnout Ways to Measure Burnout Burnout in Sport Professionals Treatment and Prevention of Overtraining and Burnout Learning Aids Part VII. Facilitating Psychological Growth and Development Chapter 23. Children and Sport Psychology Importance of Studying the Psychology of Young Athletes Understanding the Youth Sports System Children's Reasons for Participation and Nonparticipation Role of Friends in Youth Sport Stress and Burnout in Children's Competitive Sport Effective Coaching Practices for Young Athletes Role of Parents The Professionalization of Children's Sports Learning Aids Chapter 24. Aggression in Sport Defining Aggression Understanding the Causes of Aggression Examining Aggression in Sport Applying Knowledge to Professional Practice Learning Aids Chapter 25. Character Development and Good Sporting Behavior Defining Character, Fair Play, and Good Sporting Behavior Developing Character and Good Sporting Behavior Examining Moral Development Research Understanding the Connection Between Moral Reasoning and Moral Behavior Hazing, Bullying, and Abusive Behavior in Sport Studying the Connection Between Character Development and Physical Activity Guiding Practice in Character Development Learning Aids