History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity

R. Scott Kretchmar, PhD, is a professor emeritus of exercise and sport science at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. Kretchmar, a fellow in the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK), is the recipient of its Hetherington Award. He is a former president of the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport and previously served as editor of the Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. He has been named an Alliance Scholar by SHAPE America (Society of Health and Physical Educators) and a Distinguished Scholar by the National Association for Kinesiology and Physical Education in Higher Education (NAKPEHE). Mark Dyreson, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology and an affiliate professor of history at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. Dyreson currently serves on the executive committee of the Penn State Center for the Study of Sports in Society. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK), a former president of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH), a special projects editor for the International Journal of the History of Sport, and the coeditor of the Sport in the Global Society: Historical Perspectives book series (Routledge Press). Matthew P. Llewellyn, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton and is codirector of the Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research. Llewellyn earned a PhD in historical and philosophical aspects of sport and physical activity at Pennsylvania State University. He is the current editor of the Journal of Olympic Studies and is the author of four books and over 30 scholarly articles on the history of sport and physical activity. John Gleaves, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton. Gleaves served as codirector of the International Network of Doping Research and is a codirector and cofounder of the Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research. He is also the associate editor for Performance Enhancement and Health and the Journal of Olympic Studies. His research and teaching focus on applied ethics and cultural history related to sport, physical activity, and society. Gleaves' research has won several awards, including a Brocher Foundation fellowship.

Introduction: History, Philosophy, and Kinesiology The Evolution of Kinesiology The Humanities and the Sciences The Nature of History and Philosophy The Subject Matter of Kinesiology Chapter 1. Bodies, Brains, and Cultures Making Sense of Our Story Developing a Brief Chronology of Our Story Great Leaps Forward Patterns of Culture in Hunter-Forager Societies The Origins of Sport The Complexities of Work and Play in Hunting and Foraging Societies Chapter 2. The Transition From Super Endurance Predators to Farmers A Revolution in How We Lived The Impact of the Neolithic Revolution on Human Vigor and Health Physical Activity as a Tool and as a Jewel The Difficulties of Interpreting Ancient Sporting Cultures A Model of Traditional Sport Chapter 3. Ancient Greece and the Shape of Modern Sport and Physical Education The Foundation of Western Civilization Myth, Religion, and the Origins of Greek Physical Culture The Birth of Philosophy The Ancient Sporting Festivals The Olympic Games Greek Sporting Culture Sources of Evidence for Ancient Greek Sport Greek Recreation and Physical Education Chapter 4. Continuity and Change in Physical Cultures Monuments to Sporting Spectacles Comparing Mesoamerican and Roman Spectacles of Blood Opposition to Gladiatorial Contests The Ethics of Brutality in Sport Contrast and Continuity The Enduring Martial Traditions Religious and Intellectual Opposition to Martial Sports Similarities and Differences Between Eastern and Western Sport Global Continuities and Contrasts Chapter 5. The Expansion of the West and the Birth of the Modern World The Birth of the "Modern World" The Renaissance, Neoclassical Revivals of Sport, and the "Nature of Man" The Emergence of "Modern" Debates on Human Nature The Protestant Reformation and Sport, Physical Education, and the Body The Scientific Revolution and Modern Attitudes Toward Sport, Physical Education, and the Body Chapter 6. Great Britain and the Birth of Modern Sport Sport as a Critical Modern Institution The Rationalization of Ethics Under Utilitarianism Rationalization and Gambling Games for the Common Folk The Rationalization of Fair Play Chapter 7. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity The Emergence of Modern Sport Liberty, Equality, and Morality The Role of Fraternity in Modern Sport Fraternity, Partisanship, and Spectatorship Fraternity, Partisanship, and Commercialism Chapter 8. Games and Empires The Paradoxical Power of Sport Conquest, Colonialism, and the Spread of Western Sport Sport in Its Best Light The Subaltern Dilemma Sport as a Revolutionary Force Sport, Colonialism, and American Imperialism Chapter 9. The Rise of International Sportsworlds Reviving the Olympic Games Olympic Growing Pains Social Exclusion and Other Harsh Realities of the Early Olympics The Globalization of Modern Sport Sport in Black and White and Technicolor The Ethics of Commercialism Chapter 10. The West and the Rest Traditional and Indigenous Sport in an Age of Modernity Western Appropriations of Eastern Muses The Effectiveness of Folk Psychology and Folk Medicine Encounters With the "Other" Holistic Kinesiology The Emergence of Countercultural Movement Practices Chapter 11. The Golden Age of Modern Sport Phenomenology Cold War Sport Modern Science and Sport The Ethics of Performance Enhancement Breaking Gender Barriers Beyond the Gender Binary The Cold War and the Politics of Race in American Sport The Global Dimensions of Race and Sport Sport in Living Color Chapter 12. Snapshots From Our Times Do Global Connections Create Global Identities? Global Consumer Culture The Emergence of New Global Forms