1. Author Information
- Ruth Hull is an integrative health consultant and author who has been working in natural health since 1999 as a therapist, lecturer, and writer. Born and educated in Zimbabwe, Hull holds a degree in philosophy and literature as well as a master’s degree in health and homoeopathy. She studied and practiced complementary therapies in London and worked as a homoeopathic doctor and lecturer in South Africa. She is the author of several books, including The Complete Guide to Reflexology, and lives in Western Australia.
- Table of Contents
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Introduction
- Picture Credits
- Additional Material
- A Note on American and British Spellings
- Chapter 1. Before You Begin
- Anatomical Position
- Directional Terms
- Anatomical Regions and Body Cavities
- Dividing the Body
- Planes
- Quadrants
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Note to Students
- Learning Pathology
- Important Vocabulary
- Stress and Mental Health
- Chapter 2. Organization of the Body
- Levels of Structural Organization of the Body
- Chemical Organization of the Body
- Atoms and Elements
- Molecules and Compounds
- Chemical Bonds
- The pH Scale: Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Nutrients
- Major Compounds of the Body
- Cellular Organization of the Body
- Plasma Membrane
- Transport Across the Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm and Cell Structures
- Life Cycle of a Cell
- Interphase and DNA Replication
- Cell Division
- Tissue Level of Organization of the Body
- Epithelial Tissue
- Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Nervous Tissue
- Membranes
- Mucous Membranes
- Serous Membranes
- Cutaneous Membranes
- Connective Tissue (Synovial) Membranes
- System Level of Organization of the Body
- Pathology Basics
- Cancer
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 3. The Skin, Hair, and Nails
- Skin
- Functions of the Skin
- Anatomy of the Skin
- Types of Skin
- Hair
- Structure of the Hair
- Life cycle of a Hair
- Functions of the Hair
- Nails
- Anatomy of the Nail
- Functions of the Nail
- Cutaneous Glands
- Sebaceous Glands
- Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands
- Common Pathologies of the Skin
- Red Flags
- Terms for Marks and Growths on the Skin
- Common Pathologies of the Nails
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 4. The Skeletal System
- Functions of the Skeletal System
- Anatomy of Bones
- Bone Tissue
- Bone Formation and Remodelling
- What Does Aging Do to Our Bones?
- Types of Bones
- Structure of a Long Bone
- Organization of the Skeleton
- Axial Skeleton
- Bones of the Skull
- Bones of the Neurocranium
- Bones of the Viscerocranium
- Bones of the Neck and Spine
- A Closer Look at the Spine
- Bones of the thorax
- Appendicular Skeleton
- Bones of the Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)
- Bones of the Upper Limb
- Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
- Bones of the Lower Limb
- Joints
- Functional Classification of Joints
- Structural Classification of Joints
- Common Pathologies of the Skeletal System
- Red Flags
- Common Pathologies of the Spine
- Common Disorders of the Feet
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 5. The Muscular System
- Functions of the Muscular System
- Muscle Tissue
- Types of Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal Muscle
- Structure of a Skeletal Muscle
- Muscle Contraction
- How do Muscles Contract?
- How do Muscles Relax?
- Types of Muscular Contraction
- Muscle Metabolism
- Muscle Fiber Types
- Muscles of the Body
- Skeletal Muscles and Movement
- How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement
- Muscles of the Face and Scalp
- Muscles of the Neck
- Muscles of the Trunk
- Muscles of the Shoulder
- Muscles of the Back
- Muscles of the Arm and Forearm
- Muscles of the Hand
- Muscles of the Hip
- Muscles of the Thigh
- Muscles of the Leg
- Muscles of the Foot
- Common Pathologies of the Muscular System
- Red Flags
- Disorders of Muscles, Bursae, and Tendons
- Sports Injuries and Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
- Study Outline
- Photographs of Principal Skeletal Muscles
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 6. The Nervous System
- Functions of the Nervous System
- Organization of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Nervous Tissue
- Neuroglia
- Neurons
- Transmission of a Nerve Impulse
- Nerves
- Brain
- An Overview of the Brain
- Protection of the Brain
- Cranial Meninges
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Regions of the Brain
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
- Diencephalon (interbrain)
- Cerebrum
- Cranial Nerves
- Spinal Cord
- Functions of the Spinal Cord
- Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
- Spinal Nerves
- Special Sense Organs
- Eyes
- Ears
- Mouth
- Nose
- Common Pathologies of the Nervous System
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 7. The Endocrine System
- Functions of the Endocrine System
- Hormones
- Types of Hormones
- Action of Hormones
- Control of Hormone Release
- Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Pineal Gland
- Thyroid Gland
- Parathyroid Glands
- Thymus Gland
- Pancreatic Islets
- Adrenal Glands
- Ovaries and Testes
- Aging and Our Hormones
- Stress Response in More Detail
- Fight-or-Flight Response
- Resistance Reaction
- Effects of Long-Term Stress: Exhaustion
- Common Pathologies of the Endocrine System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 8. The Respiratory System
- Functions of the Respiratory System
- Organization of the Respiratory System
- Nose
- Pharynx (Throat)
- Larynx (Voice Box)
- Trachea (Windpipe)
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Physiology of Respiration
- Common Pathologies of the Respiratory System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 9. The Cardiovascular System
- Blood
- Functions of Blood
- Components of Blood
- Blood Plasma
- Formed Elements: Erythrocytes, Leucocytes
- Heart
- Anatomy of the Heart
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation: The Flow of Blood Through the Heart
- Coronary Circulation: The Blood Supply to the Heart
- Physiology of the Heart
- Regulation of the Heart Rate
- Cardiac Cycle
- Blood Vessels
- Arteries and Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Veins and Venules
- Blood Pressure
- Primary Blood Vessels of Systemic Circulation
- Aorta
- Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus
- Primary Blood Vessels of the Head, Face, and Neck
- Primary Blood Vessels of the Upper Limbs
- Primary Blood Vessels of the Thorax
- Primary Blood Vessels of the Abdomen
- Primary Blood Vessels of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
- Common Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 10. The Lymphatic and Immune System
- Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System
- Organization of the Lymphatic and Immune System
- Lymph
- Lymphatic Capillaries
- Lymphatic Vessels
- Lymph Nodes (Glands)
- Lymphatic Organs
- Lymphatic Nodules (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
- Resistance to Disease and Immunity
- Non-Specific Resistance to Disease
- Mechanical and Chemical Barriers
- Natural Killer Cells and Phagocytes
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Immunity (the Immune Response)
- Types of Immune Responses
- Common Pathologies of the Lymphatic and Immune System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 11. The Digestive System
- Functions of the Digestive System
- Organization of the Digestive System
- Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessory Organs
- Mouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity)
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Common Pathologies of the Digestive System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 12. The Urinary System
- Functions of the Urinary System
- Organization of the Urinary System
- Kidneys
- Anatomy of the Kidneys
- Physiology of the Kidneys
- Urine Production
- Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
- Urethra
- Common Pathologies of the Urinary System
- Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Chapter 13. The Reproductive System
- Functions of the Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive System
- Female Reproductive Cycle
- Aging and the Reproductive System
- Common Pathologies of the Reproductive System
- Male Reproductive System—Red Flags
- Female Reproductive System—Red Flags
- Study Outline
- Review
- Multiple-Choice Questions
- Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
- Appendix—Vitamins and Minerals: Dietary Sources, Functions, Deficiencies
- Bibliography
- Glossary
- Index