Description
<p>1. <strong>Author Information</strong></p><br><br><ol><br> <li>Ruth Hull is an integrative health consultant and author who has been working in natural health since 1999 as a therapist, lecturer, and writer. Born and educated in Zimbabwe, Hull holds a degree in philosophy and literature as well as a master’s degree in health and homoeopathy. She studied and practiced complementary therapies in London and worked as a homoeopathic doctor and lecturer in South Africa. She is the author of several books, including <em>The Complete Guide to Reflexology</em>, and lives in Western Australia.</li><br> <li> </li><br> <li><strong>Table of Contents</strong></li><br> <li>Title Page</li><br> <li>Copyright</li><br> <li>Contents</li><br> <li>Introduction</li><br> <li>Picture Credits</li><br> <li>Additional Material</li><br> <li>A Note on American and British Spellings</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 1</strong>. Before You Begin</li><br> <li>Anatomical Position</li><br> <li>Directional Terms</li><br> <li>Anatomical Regions and Body Cavities</li><br> <li>Dividing the Body</li><br> <li>Planes</li><br> <li>Quadrants</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li>Note to Students</li><br> <li>Learning Pathology</li><br> <li>Important Vocabulary</li><br> <li>Stress and Mental Health</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 2</strong>. Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Levels of Structural Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Chemical Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Atoms and Elements</li><br> <li>Molecules and Compounds</li><br> <li>Chemical Bonds</li><br> <li>The pH Scale: Acids, Bases, and Salts</li><br> <li>Nutrients</li><br> <li>Major Compounds of the Body</li><br> <li>Cellular Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Plasma Membrane</li><br> <li>Transport Across the Plasma Membrane</li><br> <li>Cytoplasm and Cell Structures</li><br> <li>Life Cycle of a Cell</li><br> <li>Interphase and DNA Replication</li><br> <li>Cell Division</li><br> <li>Tissue Level of Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Epithelial Tissue</li><br> <li>Connective Tissue</li><br> <li>Muscle Tissue</li><br> <li>Nervous Tissue</li><br> <li>Membranes</li><br> <li>Mucous Membranes</li><br> <li>Serous Membranes</li><br> <li>Cutaneous Membranes</li><br> <li>Connective Tissue (Synovial) Membranes</li><br> <li>System Level of Organization of the Body</li><br> <li>Pathology Basics</li><br> <li>Cancer</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 3</strong>. The Skin, Hair, and Nails</li><br> <li>Skin</li><br> <li>Functions of the Skin</li><br> <li>Anatomy of the Skin</li><br> <li>Types of Skin</li><br> <li>Hair</li><br> <li>Structure of the Hair</li><br> <li>Life cycle of a Hair</li><br> <li>Functions of the Hair</li><br> <li>Nails</li><br> <li>Anatomy of the Nail</li><br> <li>Functions of the Nail</li><br> <li>Cutaneous Glands</li><br> <li>Sebaceous Glands</li><br> <li>Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Skin</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Terms for Marks and Growths on the Skin</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Nails</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 4</strong>. The Skeletal System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Skeletal System</li><br> <li>Anatomy of Bones</li><br> <li>Bone Tissue</li><br> <li>Bone Formation and Remodelling</li><br> <li>What Does Aging Do to Our Bones?</li><br> <li>Types of Bones</li><br> <li>Structure of a Long Bone</li><br> <li>Organization of the Skeleton</li><br> <li>Axial Skeleton</li><br> <li>Bones of the Skull</li><br> <li>Bones of the Neurocranium</li><br> <li>Bones of the Viscerocranium</li><br> <li>Bones of the Neck and Spine</li><br> <li>A Closer Look at the Spine</li><br> <li>Bones of the thorax</li><br> <li>Appendicular Skeleton</li><br> <li>Bones of the Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)</li><br> <li>Bones of the Upper Limb</li><br> <li>Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (Hip)</li><br> <li>Bones of the Lower Limb</li><br> <li>Joints</li><br> <li>Functional Classification of Joints</li><br> <li>Structural Classification of Joints</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Skeletal System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Spine</li><br> <li>Common Disorders of the Feet</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 5.</strong> The Muscular System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Muscular System</li><br> <li>Muscle Tissue</li><br> <li>Types of Muscle Tissue</li><br> <li>Skeletal Muscle</li><br> <li>Structure of a Skeletal Muscle</li><br> <li>Muscle Contraction</li><br> <li>How do Muscles Contract?</li><br> <li>How do Muscles Relax?</li><br> <li>Types of Muscular Contraction</li><br> <li>Muscle Metabolism</li><br> <li>Muscle Fiber Types</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Body</li><br> <li>Skeletal Muscles and Movement</li><br> <li>How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Face and Scalp</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Neck</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Trunk</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Shoulder</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Back</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Arm and Forearm</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Hand</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Hip</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Thigh</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Leg</li><br> <li>Muscles of the Foot</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Muscular System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Disorders of Muscles, Bursae, and Tendons</li><br> <li>Sports Injuries and Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Photographs of Principal Skeletal Muscles</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 6</strong>. The Nervous System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Nervous System</li><br> <li>Organization of the Nervous System</li><br> <li>Central Nervous System</li><br> <li>Peripheral Nervous System</li><br> <li>Somatic Nervous System</li><br> <li>Autonomic Nervous System</li><br> <li>Nervous Tissue</li><br> <li>Neuroglia</li><br> <li>Neurons</li><br> <li>Transmission of a Nerve Impulse</li><br> <li>Nerves</li><br> <li>Brain</li><br> <li>An Overview of the Brain</li><br> <li>Protection of the Brain</li><br> <li>Cranial Meninges</li><br> <li>Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)</li><br> <li>Regions of the Brain</li><br> <li>Brain Stem</li><br> <li>Cerebellum</li><br> <li>Diencephalon (interbrain)</li><br> <li>Cerebrum</li><br> <li>Cranial Nerves</li><br> <li>Spinal Cord</li><br> <li>Functions of the Spinal Cord</li><br> <li>Anatomy of the Spinal Cord</li><br> <li>Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord</li><br> <li>Spinal Nerves</li><br> <li>Special Sense Organs</li><br> <li>Eyes</li><br> <li>Ears</li><br> <li>Mouth</li><br> <li>Nose</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Nervous System</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 7.</strong> The Endocrine System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Endocrine System</li><br> <li>Hormones</li><br> <li>Types of Hormones</li><br> <li>Action of Hormones</li><br> <li>Control of Hormone Release</li><br> <li>Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones</li><br> <li>Hypothalamus</li><br> <li>Pituitary Gland</li><br> <li>Pineal Gland</li><br> <li>Thyroid Gland</li><br> <li>Parathyroid Glands</li><br> <li>Thymus Gland</li><br> <li>Pancreatic Islets</li><br> <li>Adrenal Glands</li><br> <li>Ovaries and Testes</li><br> <li>Aging and Our Hormones</li><br> <li>Stress Response in More Detail</li><br> <li>Fight-or-Flight Response</li><br> <li>Resistance Reaction</li><br> <li>Effects of Long-Term Stress: Exhaustion</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Endocrine System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 8</strong>. The Respiratory System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Respiratory System</li><br> <li>Organization of the Respiratory System</li><br> <li>Nose</li><br> <li>Pharynx (Throat)</li><br> <li>Larynx (Voice Box)</li><br> <li>Trachea (Windpipe)</li><br> <li>Bronchi</li><br> <li>Lungs</li><br> <li>Physiology of Respiration</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Respiratory System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 9</strong>. The Cardiovascular System</li><br> <li>Blood</li><br> <li>Functions of Blood</li><br> <li>Components of Blood</li><br> <li>Blood Plasma</li><br> <li>Formed Elements: Erythrocytes, Leucocytes</li><br> <li>Heart</li><br> <li>Anatomy of the Heart</li><br> <li>Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation: The Flow of Blood Through the Heart</li><br> <li>Coronary Circulation: The Blood Supply to the Heart</li><br> <li>Physiology of the Heart</li><br> <li>Regulation of the Heart Rate</li><br> <li>Cardiac Cycle</li><br> <li>Blood Vessels</li><br> <li>Arteries and Arterioles</li><br> <li>Capillaries</li><br> <li>Veins and Venules</li><br> <li>Blood Pressure</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of Systemic Circulation</li><br> <li>Aorta</li><br> <li>Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of the Head, Face, and Neck</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of the Upper Limbs</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of the Thorax</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of the Abdomen</li><br> <li>Primary Blood Vessels of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 10</strong>. The Lymphatic and Immune System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System</li><br> <li>Organization of the Lymphatic and Immune System</li><br> <li>Lymph</li><br> <li>Lymphatic Capillaries</li><br> <li>Lymphatic Vessels</li><br> <li>Lymph Nodes (Glands)</li><br> <li>Lymphatic Organs</li><br> <li>Lymphatic Nodules (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)</li><br> <li>Resistance to Disease and Immunity</li><br> <li>Non-Specific Resistance to Disease</li><br> <li>Mechanical and Chemical Barriers</li><br> <li>Natural Killer Cells and Phagocytes</li><br> <li>Inflammation</li><br> <li>Fever</li><br> <li>Immunity (the Immune Response)</li><br> <li>Types of Immune Responses</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Lymphatic and Immune System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 11</strong>. The Digestive System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Digestive System</li><br> <li>Organization of the Digestive System</li><br> <li>Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessory Organs</li><br> <li>Mouth (Oral or Buccal Cavity)</li><br> <li>Esophagus</li><br> <li>Stomach</li><br> <li>Pancreas</li><br> <li>Liver</li><br> <li>Gall Bladder</li><br> <li>Small Intestine</li><br> <li>Large Intestine</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Digestive System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 12</strong>. The Urinary System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Urinary System</li><br> <li>Organization of the Urinary System</li><br> <li>Kidneys</li><br> <li>Anatomy of the Kidneys</li><br> <li>Physiology of the Kidneys</li><br> <li>Urine Production</li><br> <li>Fluid and Electrolyte Balance</li><br> <li>Ureters</li><br> <li>Urinary Bladder</li><br> <li>Urethra</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Urinary System</li><br> <li>Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li><strong>Chapter 13</strong>. The Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Functions of the Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Male Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Female Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Female Reproductive Cycle</li><br> <li>Aging and the Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Common Pathologies of the Reproductive System</li><br> <li>Male Reproductive System—Red Flags</li><br> <li>Female Reproductive System—Red Flags</li><br> <li>Study Outline</li><br> <li>Review</li><br> <li>Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li>Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions</li><br> <li>Appendix—Vitamins and Minerals: Dietary Sources, Functions, Deficiencies</li><br> <li>Bibliography</li><br> <li>Glossary</li><br> <li>Index</li><br></ol><br><br><p> </p><br>

